{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204104121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","title":"Regulatory governance of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in conventional mining: Benchmarking Tanzania against IAEA radiation protection standards","display_name":"Regulatory governance of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in conventional mining: Benchmarking Tanzania against IAEA radiation protection standards","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204104121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42636595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76547072","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","issn_l":"0265-931X","issn":["0265-931X","1879-1700"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204104121"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147638329","display_name":"Abdalah Kileo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-6488","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9025-6488"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155577","display_name":"Tanzania Bureau of Standards","ror":"https://ror.org/05a5v7410","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155577"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["TZ","ZA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdalah Kileo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Tanzania Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 9524, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: abdalahkileo@gmail.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Tanzania Bureau of Standards, P.O. Box 9524, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Electronic address: abdalahkileo@gmail.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155577","https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032889322","display_name":"S. Uludag","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-243X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9781-243X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sezer Uludag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Built Environment and Information Technology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012064189","display_name":"Abubakary Salama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-978X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6210-978X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182078086","display_name":"University of Dar es Salaam","ror":"https://ror.org/0479aed98","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakary Salama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mining and Mineral Processing Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mining and Mineral Processing Engineering, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35131, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182078086"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062894031","display_name":"Jerome M. Mwimanzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-528X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9068-528X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405266240","display_name":"Tume ya Nguvu za Atomu Tanzania","ror":"https://ror.org/01e2t6k62","country_code":"TZ","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405266240"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jerome Mwimanzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, Tanzania"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tanzania Atomic Energy Commission, Tanzania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405266240"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147638329"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155577","https://openalex.org/I69552723"],"apc_list":{"value":3800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3800},"apc_paid":{"value":3800,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3800},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"299","issue":null,"first_page":"108144","last_page":"108144"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10946","display_name":"Radioactivity and Radon Measurements","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10946","display_name":"Radioactivity and Radon Measurements","score":0.8618000149726868,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13923","display_name":"Nuclear and radioactivity studies","score":0.11029999703168869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11933","display_name":"Mining and Resource Management","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturally-occurring-radioactive-materials","display_name":"naturally occurring radioactive materials","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiation-protection","display_name":"radiation protection","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/icrp-recommendations","display_name":"ICRP recommendations","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-benchmarking","display_name":"regulatory benchmarking","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tanzania","display_name":"Tanzania","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-impact-assessment","display_name":"environmental impact assessment","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiological-risk-assessment","display_name":"radiation risk assessment","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-monitoring","display_name":"environmental monitoring","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-coordination","display_name":"institutional coordination","score":0.8479999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-countries","display_name":"developing countries","score":0.5870000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.765500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777620619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1574099","display_name":"Radiation protection","level":2,"score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.6650999784469604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6352999806404114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5827000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.45879998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779170139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7280357","display_name":"Radiation monitoring","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89690796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185252","display_name":"Radioactive waste","level":2,"score":0.3986000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779925993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336938","display_name":"Radiation exposure","level":2,"score":0.3497999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.29260000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779962950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5659376","display_name":"Harmonization","level":2,"score":0.28209999203681946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777351106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49371","display_name":"Legislation","level":2,"score":0.275299996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020782553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8880","display_name":"European commission","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987700449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186161","display_name":"Radiation dose","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001417","descriptor_name":"Background Radiation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007390","descriptor_name":"International Agencies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008906","descriptor_name":"Mining","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011834","descriptor_name":"Radiation Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011834","descriptor_name":"Radiation Monitoring","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011835","descriptor_name":"Radiation Protection","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011835","descriptor_name":"Radiation Protection","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013636","descriptor_name":"Tanzania","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76547072","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","issn_l":"0265-931X","issn":["0265-931X","1879-1700"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42636595","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42636595","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of environmental radioactivity","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2026.108144","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S76547072","display_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","issn_l":"0265-931X","issn":["0265-931X","1879-1700"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Environmental Radioactivity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.8046000003814697}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1941783099","https://openalex.org/W1979290264","https://openalex.org/W1983981789","https://openalex.org/W2043643421","https://openalex.org/W2050304097","https://openalex.org/W2072164192","https://openalex.org/W2074302341","https://openalex.org/W2113379417","https://openalex.org/W2137171441","https://openalex.org/W2803739464","https://openalex.org/W3121958250","https://openalex.org/W4327704302","https://openalex.org/W4362612076","https://openalex.org/W4389264540","https://openalex.org/W4400008209","https://openalex.org/W4404643923","https://openalex.org/W4407006817"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7037282248","https://openalex.org/W7163999269","https://openalex.org/W1972163252","https://openalex.org/W4362612076","https://openalex.org/W2142298034","https://openalex.org/W7207711305","https://openalex.org/W2100388412","https://openalex.org/W7163042369","https://openalex.org/W2993780089","https://openalex.org/W7135079034"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Naturally":[0],"Occurring":[1],"Radioactive":[2],"Materials":[3],"(NORM)":[4],"generated":[5],"during":[6],"conventional":[7,61],"mining":[8,41,62,160],"activities":[9],"represent":[10],"a":[11,176,217],"potential":[12],"source":[13],"of":[14,52,108,129,136],"environmental":[15,163,210],"contamination":[16],"and":[17,24,55,73,85,96,100,119,133,171,182,208,226],"radiological":[18],"exposure":[19],"to":[20,91,193],"workers,":[21],"the":[22,48,64,127,191,195],"public,":[23],"ecosystems.":[25],"Although":[26],"international":[27,141],"radiation":[28,97,130],"protection":[29,98,131],"frameworks":[30],"provide":[31],"risk-based":[32],"approaches":[33],"for":[34,149,220],"managing":[35],"NORM,":[36,109],"implementation":[37],"in":[38,60,224],"many":[39],"developing":[40],"jurisdictions":[42],"remains":[43],"limited.":[44],"This":[45],"study":[46,189],"presents":[47],"first":[49],"systematic":[50],"benchmarking":[51,214],"Tanzania's":[53],"regulatory":[54,87,120,173],"institutional":[56,101,112,167,203],"framework":[57,148,215],"governing":[58],"NORM":[59,150,178,222],"against":[63],"International":[65,74],"Atomic":[66],"Energy":[67],"Agency":[68],"(IAEA)":[69],"graded":[70,197],"approach":[71,198],"(SSG-60)":[72],"Commission":[75],"on":[76],"Radiological":[77,152],"Protection":[78],"(ICRP)":[79],"recommendations.":[80],"A":[81],"structured":[82],"document":[83],"analysis":[84],"comparative":[86],"evaluation":[88],"were":[89],"conducted":[90],"assess":[92],"national":[93,177],"mining,":[94],"environmental,":[95],"legislation":[99,132],"arrangements.":[102],"The":[103,122,188,212],"assessment":[104,154,165],"examined":[105],"legal":[106],"recognition":[107],"authorization":[110,161],"systems,":[111,185],"coordination,":[113],"monitoring":[114,184],"requirements,":[115],"waste":[116],"management":[117],"provisions,":[118],"infrastructure.":[121],"findings":[123],"reveal":[124],"that,":[125],"despite":[126],"existence":[128],"recent":[134],"adoption":[135],"exemption":[137],"thresholds":[138],"aligned":[139],"with":[140],"standards,":[142],"Tanzania":[143,225],"lacks":[144],"an":[145],"integrated":[146,200],"governance":[147,223],"management.":[151],"risk":[153],"is":[155],"not":[156],"routinely":[157],"incorporated":[158],"into":[159],"or":[162],"impact":[164],"processes,":[166],"responsibilities":[168],"remain":[169],"fragmented,":[170],"critical":[172],"tools,":[174],"including":[175],"inventory,":[179],"technical":[180,206],"guidelines,":[181],"routine":[183],"are":[186],"absent.":[187],"highlights":[190],"need":[192],"operationalize":[194],"IAEA":[196],"through":[199],"legislation,":[201],"coordinated":[202],"oversight,":[204],"strengthened":[205],"capacity,":[207],"improved":[209],"monitoring.":[211],"proposed":[213],"provides":[216],"practical":[218],"model":[219],"strengthening":[221],"other":[227],"resource-dependent":[228],"economies.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}