{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204090794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","title":"MFFSOM-Net: Multi-Frequency Fusion Subspace Optimization Network for Inverse Scattering","display_name":"MFFSOM-Net: Multi-Frequency Fusion Subspace Optimization Network for Inverse Scattering","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204090794","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189798733","display_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","issn_l":"1536-1225","issn":["1536-1225","1548-5757"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342610","display_name":"Haonan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1587-8628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1587-8628","https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7819-3612","https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6685-4913"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haonan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7819-3612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101728119","display_name":"Zicheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-9876","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-9876"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zicheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3118-9876","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115597877","display_name":"Bo Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-8113","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-8113","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5418-0727"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2142-8113","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015797840","display_name":"Yali Zong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-3919","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-3919"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yali Zong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0471-3919","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137582544","display_name":"Peixian Han","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peixian Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Northwestern Polytechnical University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48705387,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11739","display_name":"Microwave Imaging and Scattering Analysis","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11205","display_name":"Numerical methods in inverse problems","score":0.00279999990016222,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2610","display_name":"Mathematical Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":0.002300000051036477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-scattering","display_name":"inverse scattering","score":0.9649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subspace-optimization","display_name":"subspace optimization","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-scattering","display_name":"electromagnetic scattering","score":0.4169999957084656}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32834561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660730","display_name":"Subspace topology","level":2,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174558057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11639409","display_name":"Inverse scattering problem","level":3,"score":0.5324000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.5257999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45559999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135252773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213","display_name":"Inverse problem","level":2,"score":0.4339999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4180999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4108000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158525013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2593739","display_name":"Fusion","level":2,"score":0.40149998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207467116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666","display_name":"Inverse","level":2,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.3068000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776275307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q649466","display_name":"S-matrix theory","level":3,"score":0.28610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2736000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147764199","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6865248","display_name":"Minification","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28826006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33521","display_name":"Applied mathematics","level":1,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988995629","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2915729","display_name":"Matrix algebra","level":3,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42355184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1361088","display_name":"Matrix decomposition","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189798733","display_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","issn_l":"1536-1225","issn":["1536-1225","1548-5757"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/lawp.2026.3727140","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S189798733","display_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","issn_l":"1536-1225","issn":["1536-1225","1548-5757"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7212219114","https://openalex.org/W7167255637","https://openalex.org/W7204202502","https://openalex.org/W7202166470","https://openalex.org/W7212006619","https://openalex.org/W7125645784","https://openalex.org/W7165802437","https://openalex.org/W4403448199","https://openalex.org/W1786329967","https://openalex.org/W2121422001"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,94],"letter":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,36],"multi-frequency":[4,32,71],"fusion":[5],"subspace-optimization":[6],"network,":[7],"termed":[8],"MFFSOM-Net,":[9],"for":[10],"full-wave":[11],"electromagnetic":[12,106],"inverse":[13],"scattering.":[14],"Unlike":[15],"single-frequency":[16],"learning-based":[17],"schemes":[18],"that":[19,123],"update":[20],"the":[21,27,42,56,66,80,97],"contrast":[22,92],"from":[23],"limited":[24],"spectral":[25],"information,":[26],"proposed":[28],"network":[29],"performs":[30],"simultaneous":[31],"induced-current":[33],"learning":[34],"within":[35],"physics-unrolled":[37],"architecture.":[38],"At":[39],"each":[40],"stage,":[41,83],"induced":[43],"currents":[44],"at":[45],"different":[46],"frequencies":[47],"are":[48,63,74],"restored":[49],"by":[50],"frequency-specific":[51],"current":[52,89],"restoration":[53,90],"blocks,":[54],"while":[55],"corresponding":[57],"total":[58],"fields":[59],"and":[60,77,91,114,130],"permittivity":[61,72],"maps":[62],"derived":[64],"through":[65],"electric-field":[67],"integral":[68],"equation.":[69],"The":[70],"estimates":[73],"then":[75],"fused":[76],"fed":[78],"into":[79],"next":[81],"unrolled":[82],"enabling":[84],"stable":[85],"information":[86],"propagation":[87],"between":[88],"reconstruction.":[93],"design":[95],"combines":[96],"nonlinear":[98],"representation":[99],"capability":[100],"of":[101],"neural":[102],"networks":[103],"with":[104,118,134],"explicit":[105],"consistency":[107],"constraints.":[108],"Numerical":[109],"tests":[110],"on":[111],"MNIST,":[112],"polygon,":[113],"Austria":[115],"profiles,":[116],"together":[117],"experimental":[119],"Fresnel":[120],"data,":[121],"demonstrate":[122],"MFFSOM-Net":[124],"provides":[125],"sharper":[126],"boundaries,":[127],"fewer":[128],"artifacts,":[129],"improved":[131],"robustness":[132],"compared":[133],"benchmark":[135],"methods.":[136]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-03T10:50:19.383937","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}