{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204087030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","title":"Similarities in lexical predictive processing in children with and without dyslexia","display_name":"Similarities in lexical predictive processing in children with and without dyslexia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204087030","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064364043","display_name":"Lauren K. Salig","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9394-9033"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lauren K Salig","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093419354","display_name":"Molly Ann Leachman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-0413","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-0413"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Molly Leachman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4906-0413","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013528920","display_name":"Rachel L. Eggleston","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7343-7997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7343-7997"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachel L. Eggleston","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7343-7997","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000985327","display_name":"Chi\u2010Lin Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-7163","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-7163"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chi-Lin Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-7163","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052663156","display_name":"Ioulia Kovelman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-6986","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-6986"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ioulia Kovelman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4287-6986","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039799789","display_name":"Jonathan Brennan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-350X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-350X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan R. Brennan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3639-350X","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyslexia","display_name":"dyslexia","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/predictive-processing","display_name":"predictive processing","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-predictability","display_name":"lexical predictability","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language-comprehension","display_name":"spoken language comprehension","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naturalistic-listening","display_name":"naturalistic listening","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-near-infrared-spectroscopy","display_name":"functional near-infrared spectroscopy","score":0.746999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gpt-2","display_name":"GPT-2","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dyslexia-screening","display_name":"dyslexia screening","score":0.7990000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506058694","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Dyslexia","level":3,"score":0.9013000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197640229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2534066","display_name":"Predictability","level":2,"score":0.7185999751091003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.698199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.5708000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.4794999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475264","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5319475","display_name":"Biological theories of dyslexia","level":5,"score":0.46709999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4449000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126398093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202238","display_name":"Lexical decision task","level":3,"score":0.4235999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89267518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179488","display_name":"Psycholinguistics","level":3,"score":0.3693999946117401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020552372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1079090","display_name":"Typically developing","level":3,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.3337000012397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.3215000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20685875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239678","display_name":"Predictive validity","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777102477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10469820","display_name":"Language disorder","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190210774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15427384","display_name":"Ecological validity","level":3,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.2892000079154968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778780117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3269423","display_name":"Reading comprehension","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176777502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4774623","display_name":"Anticipation (artificial intelligence)","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776230583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1322198","display_name":"Spoken language","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019189182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132971","display_name":"Developmental dyslexia","level":4,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778073708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667","display_name":"Language development","level":2,"score":0.2517000138759613}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:share.osf.io:9cf71fe8-e86e-412f-af2d-a9e8ea327fc8","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://osf.io/yx528","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/yx528_v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401687","display_name":"PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2799848540","host_organization_name":"Center for Open Science","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799848540"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.5683000087738037}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6962694700","https://openalex.org/W7165479034","https://openalex.org/W3120927887","https://openalex.org/W4410117795","https://openalex.org/W2164211836","https://openalex.org/W7112418699","https://openalex.org/W7112217868","https://openalex.org/W2807853440","https://openalex.org/W7033464243","https://openalex.org/W4388844408"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Evidence":[0],"is":[1],"mixed":[2],"regarding":[3],"whether":[4],"or":[5],"not":[6],"individuals":[7],"with":[8,11,50,108,136],"dyslexia":[9,38,51,109,144],"struggle":[10],"higher-level":[12,72],"spoken":[13],"language":[14,45,73,128],"comprehension,":[15,74],"including":[16],"predictive":[17,66,95],"processing.":[18,96],"We":[19],"posit":[20],"that":[21],"this":[22],"uncertainty":[23],"may":[24],"be":[25],"explained":[26],"by":[27],"experiments\u2019":[28],"task":[29],"designs\u2014with":[30],"decontextualized":[31],"tasks":[32,42],"suggesting":[33,43],"more":[34,40],"extensive":[35],"differences":[36],"in":[37,47,94,134],"and":[39,53,110,146],"naturalistic":[41,115,127],"equivalent":[44],"comprehension":[46],"dyslexia.":[48],"Children":[49],"(n=73)":[52],"typical":[54],"readers":[55,113],"(n=96)":[56],"listened":[57],"to":[58,78,89,103],"a":[59,69,131],"story":[60],"during":[61,114,126],"fNIRS":[62],"neuroimaging.":[63],"Focusing":[64],"on":[65],"processing":[67,129],"as":[68,130],"measure":[70],"of":[71,122,143],"we":[75],"used":[76],"GPT-2":[77],"quantify":[79],"each":[80],"word\u2019s":[81],"predictability":[82,105],"within":[83],"the":[84,120,140],"story\u2019s":[85],"context,":[86],"allowing":[87],"us":[88],"identify":[90],"brain":[91],"regions":[92],"engaged":[93],"Our":[97],"findings":[98],"indicate":[99],"similar":[100],"neural":[101],"responses":[102],"word":[104],"for":[106],"children":[107,135],"typically":[111],"developing":[112],"listening.":[116],"These":[117],"results":[118],"highlight":[119],"use":[121],"contextual":[123],"lexical":[124],"prediction":[125],"potential":[132],"strength":[133],"dyslexia,":[137],"while":[138],"underscoring":[139],"continued":[141],"importance":[142],"screening":[145],"intervention.":[147]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-25T00:00:00"}
