{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204069078","doi":null,"title":"Pharmacology and Public Health Impact of Metformin","display_name":"Pharmacology and Public Health Impact of Metformin","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204069078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:directory.doabooks.org:20.500.12854/181156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/181156","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapter/pdf-download/1253661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400539","display_name":"Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4387153118","host_organization_name":"OAPEN Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153118"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapter/pdf-download/1253661","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055819551","display_name":"Ricky Madison","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-9055","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-9055"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ricky Madison","raw_affiliation_strings":["Continents International University , United States of America"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Continents International University , United States of America","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055819551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10401","display_name":"Diabetes Treatment and Management","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11339","display_name":"Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer","score":0.020899999886751175,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.0013000000035390258,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metformin","display_name":"metformin","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"pharmacology","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-impact","display_name":"public health impact","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9369999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetes-complications","display_name":"diabetes complications","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiovascular-outcomes","display_name":"cardiovascular outcomes","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-prevention","display_name":"disease prevention","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-health","display_name":"metabolic health","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation","display_name":"inflammation","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aging","display_name":"aging","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metabolic-disorders","display_name":"metabolic disorders","score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-safety","display_name":"drug safety","score":0.6899999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-access","display_name":"health care access","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7258999943733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780323712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19484","display_name":"Metformin","level":3,"score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6001999974250793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.48420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78780964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7233193","display_name":"Position paper","level":2,"score":0.4564000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.43709999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.42500001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.38659998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.3312000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124056412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3320364","display_name":"Scientific evidence","level":2,"score":0.32829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3089999854564667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3084000051021576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.304500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019806175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11974939","display_name":"Health professionals","level":3,"score":0.2985999882221222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109986646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q546113","display_name":"Public policy","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779652045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507443","display_name":"Pharmaceutical industry","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64903051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2198549","display_name":"Drug development","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19648533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q691640","display_name":"Evidence-based medicine","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63433958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1774688","display_name":"Clinical pharmacology","level":2,"score":0.25110000371932983}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:directory.doabooks.org:20.500.12854/181156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/181156","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapter/pdf-download/1253661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400539","display_name":"Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4387153118","host_organization_name":"OAPEN Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153118"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:directory.doabooks.org:20.500.12854/181156","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/181156","pdf_url":"https://www.intechopen.com/chapter/pdf-download/1253661","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400539","display_name":"Directory of Open access Books (OAPEN Foundation)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4387153118","host_organization_name":"OAPEN Foundation","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153118"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204069078.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204069078.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2171294019","https://openalex.org/W2188846692","https://openalex.org/W2422981416","https://openalex.org/W2742200852","https://openalex.org/W3128078423","https://openalex.org/W4405187712"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4416060051","https://openalex.org/W7217255592","https://openalex.org/W613599372","https://openalex.org/W7101803117","https://openalex.org/W4412022281","https://openalex.org/W7202174085","https://openalex.org/W6893373057","https://openalex.org/W7127584453","https://openalex.org/W7127038909","https://openalex.org/W7167744041"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Metformin":[0],"remains":[1],"one":[2],"of":[3,22,42,49,63,79,126,173,183,225],"the":[4,40,58,61,156,171,179,222],"most":[5],"widely":[6],"used":[7],"and":[8,19,27,54,82,92,99,113,124,135,166,194,208,221],"enduring":[9],"therapies":[10,176],"in":[11,39,89,119,142,177,228],"modern":[12],"medicine.":[13],"This":[14],"book":[15],"provides":[16],"a":[17,32,73,202],"rigorous":[18],"evidence-based":[20,217],"examination":[21],"its":[23,36,69,86,93,117],"pharmacology,":[24],"clinical":[25,50,90,112,164],"foundations,":[26],"public":[28,167,195],"health":[29,196],"significance,":[30],"offering":[31],"structured":[33],"perspective":[34],"on":[35,47,216],"central":[37],"role":[38,118],"management":[41],"type":[43],"2":[44],"diabetes.":[45],"Based":[46],"decades":[48],"trials,":[51],"outcome":[52,192],"studies,":[53],"long-term":[55,101,191],"follow-up":[56],"data,":[57],"chapters":[59],"trace":[60],"development":[62],"metformin":[64],"from":[65],"early":[66],"uncertainty":[67],"to":[68,95,109,213],"current":[70,143],"position":[71],"as":[72,130,201],"foundational":[74],"therapy.":[75],"Its":[76],"established":[77],"profile":[78],"efficacy,":[80],"safety,":[81],"affordability":[83],"has":[84],"supported":[85],"sustained":[87],"use":[88],"practice":[91],"contribution":[94],"reducing":[96],"diabetes-related":[97],"complications":[98],"improving":[100],"outcomes.":[102],"The":[103],"text":[104],"extends":[105],"beyond":[106],"glycemic":[107],"control":[108],"examine":[110],"broader":[111],"population-level":[114],"implications,":[115],"including":[116],"disease":[120],"prevention,":[121],"cardiovascular":[122],"outcomes,":[123],"areas":[125],"ongoing":[127,214],"investigation":[128],"such":[129],"metabolic":[131,184,226],"health,":[132],"inflammatory":[133],"pathways,":[134],"aging-related":[136],"processes.":[137],"These":[138],"discussions":[139,215],"are":[140],"grounded":[141],"evidence":[144,193],"while":[145],"acknowledging":[146],"evolving":[147],"research":[148],"directions.":[149],"Integrating":[150],"scientific":[151],"analysis":[152],"with":[153,190],"practical":[154],"relevance,":[155],"volume":[157],"brings":[158],"together":[159],"perspectives":[160],"across":[161],"pharmaceutical":[162],"science,":[163],"medicine,":[165],"health.":[168],"It":[169,210],"emphasizes":[170],"importance":[172],"accessible,":[174],"effective":[175],"addressing":[178],"growing":[180],"global":[181],"burden":[182],"disease.":[185],"By":[186],"combining":[187],"pharmacologic":[188],"detail":[189],"context,":[197],"this":[198],"work":[199],"serves":[200],"comprehensive":[203],"resource":[204],"for":[205],"clinicians,":[206],"researchers,":[207],"students.":[209],"also":[211],"contributes":[212],"practice,":[218],"healthcare":[219,230],"accessibility,":[220],"future":[223],"direction":[224],"medicine":[227],"diverse":[229],"systems.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2026-08-24T00:00:00"}
