{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204040403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","title":"Human capital development as the missing link between tax reforms and manufacturing performance: Evidence from Nigeria using bootstrap and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling","display_name":"Human capital development as the missing link between tax reforms and manufacturing performance: Evidence from Nigeria using bootstrap and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) modelling","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204040403","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","pdf_url":"https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/download/2150/1327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227203","display_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","issn_l":"2709-2607","issn":["2709-2607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259950","host_organization_name":"AJER Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7204040403"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/download/2150/1327","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123949700","display_name":"Oladele Adeyi OJEDIRAN","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1935-9912","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1935-9912"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254776","display_name":"Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo","ror":"https://ror.org/027qvdx76","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254776"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oladele Adeyi Ojediran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1935-9912","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099493149","display_name":"Joseph Olusegun Adeagbo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8569-8544","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8569-8544"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405254776","display_name":"Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Oyo","ror":"https://ror.org/027qvdx76","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405254776"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Olusegun Adeagbo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8569-8544","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emmanuel Alayande University of Education, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405254776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135353625","display_name":"Kehinde Abimbola Ojo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5318-3943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5318-3943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37490319","display_name":"Ajayi Crowther University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k6gj822","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37490319"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kehinde Abimbola Ojo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ajayi Crowther University, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ajayi Crowther University, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37490319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"1055","last_page":"1066"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11770","display_name":"Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth","score":0.9092000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13042","display_name":"Economic and Fiscal Studies","score":0.04749999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.013399999588727951,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-reform","display_name":"tax reform","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-development","display_name":"human capital development","score":0.8799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-performance","display_name":"manufacturing performance","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fiscal-policy","display_name":"fiscal policy","score":0.7699999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/education-policy","display_name":"education policy","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-development","display_name":"skill development","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-capital-investment","display_name":"physical capital investment","score":0.6579999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/endogenous-growth-theory","display_name":"endogenous growth theory","score":0.7540000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-capital-theory","display_name":"human capital theory","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nigeria","display_name":"Nigeria","score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exchange-rates","display_name":"exchange rates","score":0.593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inflation","display_name":"inflation","score":0.7440000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technical-and-vocational-education","display_name":"technical and vocational education and training","score":0.8190000057220459}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776943663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165687","display_name":"Human capital","level":2,"score":0.8149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.7778000235557556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159009313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283159","display_name":"Distributed lag","level":2,"score":0.7692999839782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779735493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38994","display_name":"Human Development Index","level":3,"score":0.5245000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4961000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121964417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385503","display_name":"Tax revenue","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4487000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134024062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401229","display_name":"Error correction model","level":3,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C610760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1340706","display_name":"Endogeneity","level":2,"score":0.3668000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117131394","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141900","display_name":"Tax shield","level":5,"score":0.35199999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.3488999903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.32690000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190430219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576355","display_name":"Endogenous growth theory","level":3,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9127897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q990550","display_name":"Physical capital","level":3,"score":0.32190001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C556758197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580018","display_name":"Monetary economics","level":1,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83646750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193893","display_name":"Capital (architecture)","level":2,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C524878704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187021","display_name":"Fiscal policy","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195487862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q850210","display_name":"Revenue","level":2,"score":0.303600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781089502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2917873","display_name":"Human development (humanity)","level":2,"score":0.29789999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181683161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301159","display_name":"Real gross domestic product","level":2,"score":0.29190000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.28760001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143369678","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q467212","display_name":"Capital intensity","level":3,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162144332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1665305","display_name":"Instrumental variable","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.266400009393692}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","pdf_url":"https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/download/2150/1327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227203","display_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","issn_l":"2709-2607","issn":["2709-2607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259950","host_organization_name":"AJER Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","doi":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.7.3.79","pdf_url":"https://ajernet.net/ojs/index.php/ajernet/article/download/2150/1327","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210227203","display_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","issn_l":"2709-2607","issn":["2709-2607"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405259950","host_organization_name":"AJER Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259950"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"African Journal of Empirical Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9211000204086304,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"},{"score":0.7207000255584717,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204040403.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204040403.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1939526929","https://openalex.org/W1966910378","https://openalex.org/W2099268311","https://openalex.org/W2135603423","https://openalex.org/W2162484441"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7082640822","https://openalex.org/W7170284589","https://openalex.org/W4399815545","https://openalex.org/W2183980436","https://openalex.org/W4362509198","https://openalex.org/W4393991038","https://openalex.org/W7139084433","https://openalex.org/W6892511212","https://openalex.org/W4407569010","https://openalex.org/W7118040147"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,37,107,256],"examines":[2],"the":[3,19,75,84,163],"impact":[4],"of":[5,22,67,78],"tax":[6,55,176,236,259],"reforms":[7,260],"on":[8,71,224],"manufacturing":[9,68,197,253],"sector":[10],"performance":[11],"in":[12,41,271],"Nigeria":[13,79],"from":[14,74,162,246],"1990":[15],"to":[16,126,252],"2023,":[17],"foregrounding":[18],"moderating":[20],"role":[21],"human":[23,61,164,186,209,247,272],"capital":[24,58,62,187,210],"development":[25,113,188],"as":[26,64,115],"a":[27,97,136,145],"central":[28],"concern":[29],"for":[30,235],"education":[31,109,225,276],"policy":[32,122,220],"and":[33,48,60,80,102,111,185,201,208,226,238,250,279,281,284,293],"workforce":[34],"governance.":[35],"The":[36,106,131,199,255],"is":[38,222],"theoretically":[39],"anchored":[40],"Neoclassical":[42],"Investment":[43],"Theory,":[44,47,51],"Endogenous":[45],"Growth":[46],"Human":[49],"Capital":[50],"which":[52,120],"jointly":[53],"frame":[54],"reform,":[56],"physical":[57],"formation,":[59],"accumulation":[63],"complementary":[65],"drivers":[66],"performance.":[69,198,254],"Drawing":[70],"secondary":[72],"data":[73],"Central":[76],"Bank":[77],"World":[81],"Development":[82],"Indicators,":[83],"research":[85],"employs":[86],"an":[87],"Autoregressive":[88],"Distributed":[89],"Lag":[90],"(ARDL)":[91],"bounds":[92,133],"testing":[93],"approach":[94],"augmented":[95],"with":[96],"novel":[98],"reform":[99,177,206],"intensity":[100,178,207],"index":[101],"bootstrap":[103],"small-sample":[104],"corrections.":[105],"positions":[108],"systems":[110],"skills":[112],"infrastructure":[114],"critical":[116],"transmission":[117],"mechanisms":[118],"through":[119],"fiscal":[121,219],"generates":[123],"or":[124],"fails":[125],"generate":[127],"sustainable":[128],"industrial":[129,263],"growth.":[130],"ARDL":[132,230],"test":[134],"confirms":[135,217],"long-run":[137],"equilibrium":[138],"(F":[139],"=":[140,152,171,174,180,183,190,193,212,215],"9.341).":[141],"Bootstrap-corrected":[142],"estimates":[143,161],"reveal":[144],"significant":[146,200],"error":[147],"correction":[148],"term":[149,204],"(\u22120.709,":[150],"p":[151,173,182,192,214],"0.042),":[153],"indicating":[154],"71%":[155],"annual":[156],"adjustment":[157],"towards":[158],"equilibrium.":[159],"Long-run":[160],"capital-augmented":[165],"model":[166],"show":[167],"that":[168,218,258],"investment":[169,251],"(\u03b2":[170,179,189,211],"38.46,":[172],"0.045),":[175],"75.22,":[181],"0.046),":[184],"22.88,":[191],"0.034)":[194],"positively":[195],"influences":[196],"positive":[202],"interaction":[203],"between":[205],"12.35,":[213],"0.038)":[216],"effectiveness":[221],"contingent":[223],"training":[227],"quality.":[228],"Non-linear":[229],"results":[231],"confirm":[232],"asymmetric":[233],"effects":[234],"revenue":[237],"exchange":[239],"rate.":[240],"Granger":[241],"causality":[242],"establishes":[243],"unidirectional":[244],"links":[245],"capital,":[248],"inflation,":[249],"concludes":[257],"foster":[261],"long-term":[262],"growth":[264],"only":[265],"when":[266],"implemented":[267],"alongside":[268],"strategic":[269],"investments":[270],"capital.":[273],"Recommendations":[274],"address":[275],"managers,":[277],"policymakers,":[278],"Technical":[280],"Vocational":[282],"Education":[283],"Training":[285],"(TVET)":[286],"administrators,":[287],"emphasising":[288],"curriculum":[289],"alignment,":[290],"institutional":[291],"capacity-building,":[292],"public-private":[294],"partnerships.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-08-24T00:00:00"}