{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204010949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","title":"Hybrid Criminal Liability Based on Risk-Based Approach in Artificial Intelligence-Based Crimes in Indonesia","display_name":"Hybrid Criminal Liability Based on Risk-Based Approach in Artificial Intelligence-Based Crimes in Indonesia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204010949","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","pdf_url":"https://research.e-greenation.org/GIJLSS/article/download/1125/905","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407041054","display_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2986-3155","issn":["2986-3155","2986-3856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://research.e-greenation.org/GIJLSS/article/download/1125/905","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147869518","display_name":"Mohammad Erfan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104292","display_name":"Universitas Boyolali","ror":"https://ror.org/019qp0530","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Erfan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018032759","display_name":"Nanik Sutarni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6271-3464","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6271-3464"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104292","display_name":"Universitas Boyolali","ror":"https://ror.org/019qp0530","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nanik Sutarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068275518","display_name":"Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104292","display_name":"Universitas Boyolali","ror":"https://ror.org/019qp0530","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ananda Megha Wiedhar Saputri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140427627","display_name":"Sri Budi Raharjo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104292","display_name":"Universitas Boyolali","ror":"https://ror.org/019qp0530","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sri Budi Raharjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Boyolali, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104292"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.55476603,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"847","last_page":"858"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.7562999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.7562999725341797,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13376","display_name":"Criminal Law and Policy","score":0.05990000069141388,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11876","display_name":"Legal Studies and Policies","score":0.04360000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"artificial intelligence","score":0.5580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-liability","display_name":"criminal liability","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-based-approach","display_name":"risk-based approach","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/strict-liability","display_name":"strict liability","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vicarious-liability","display_name":"vicarious liability","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/culpability","display_name":"culpability","score":0.7919999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/indonesian-criminal-law","display_name":"Indonesian criminal law","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-personhood-of-ai","display_name":"legal personhood of AI","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-law-reform","display_name":"criminal law reform","score":0.8560000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.5996999740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158129432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7766927","display_name":"Statutory law","level":2,"score":0.5353999733924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.4699000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775914699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q326779","display_name":"Vicarious liability","level":4,"score":0.46720001101493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.4578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.4237000048160553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.39410001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3806999921798706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.3594000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117660856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1964968","display_name":"Criminal investigation","level":2,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.35839998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910942459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83267","display_name":"Criminal behaviour","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505815749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1184244","display_name":"Delict","level":5,"score":0.328900009393692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778023277","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321703","display_name":"Premise","level":2,"score":0.2793999910354614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776639384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840396","display_name":"Ideal (ethics)","level":2,"score":0.2667999863624573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185052227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2352967","display_name":"Theory of criminal justice","level":3,"score":0.26269999146461487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","pdf_url":"https://research.e-greenation.org/GIJLSS/article/download/1125/905","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407041054","display_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2986-3155","issn":["2986-3155","2986-3856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","doi":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.38035/gijlss.v4i3.1125","pdf_url":"https://research.e-greenation.org/GIJLSS/article/download/1125/905","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S5407041054","display_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2986-3155","issn":["2986-3155","2986-3856"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Greenation International Journal of Law and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204010949.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7204010949.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7204786704","https://openalex.org/W4414216923","https://openalex.org/W7168353736","https://openalex.org/W7204172800","https://openalex.org/W7171397944","https://openalex.org/W4415762063","https://openalex.org/W7170493560","https://openalex.org/W7116953152","https://openalex.org/W7223557669","https://openalex.org/W7165894603"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,88],"development":[1],"of":[2,23,41,68,105,152],"Artificial":[3],"Intelligence":[4],"(AI)":[5],"has":[6],"introduced":[7],"new":[8],"challenges":[9],"in":[10,17,71,94,164],"criminal":[11,15,56,69,114,153],"law,":[12],"particularly":[13],"regarding":[14],"liability":[16,70,115],"technology-based":[18],"crimes.":[19,107,167],"AI":[20,138],"systems":[21],"capable":[22],"operating":[24],"semi-autonomously":[25],"blur":[26],"the":[27,30,32,37,53,103,150],"relationship":[28],"between":[29],"perpetrator,":[31],"act,":[33],"and":[34,62,85,98,127,160],"culpability,":[35],"rendering":[36],"conventional":[38],"fault-based":[39],"principle":[40],"geen":[42],"straf":[43],"zonder":[44],"schuld":[45],"increasingly":[46],"inadequate.":[47],"This":[48,76,143],"study":[49,110],"aims":[50],"to":[51,63,73,147,149],"analyze":[52],"existing":[54],"Indonesian":[55],"law":[57,154],"framework":[58],"governing":[59],"AI-related":[60,166],"crimes":[61],"formulate":[64],"an":[65],"ideal":[66],"model":[67,116,144],"response":[72],"such":[74],"developments.":[75],"research":[77],"employs":[78],"a":[79,112,119,140,156],"normative":[80],"juridical":[81],"method":[82],"with":[83],"statutory":[84],"conceptual":[86],"approaches.":[87],"findings":[89],"indicate":[90],"that":[91],"current":[92],"regulations":[93],"Indonesia":[95],"remain":[96],"limited":[97],"have":[99],"not":[100],"comprehensively":[101],"addressed":[102],"complexity":[104],"AI-based":[106],"Accordingly,":[108],"this":[109],"proposes":[111],"hybrid":[113],"based":[117],"on":[118],"risk-based":[120,128],"approach,":[121],"integrating":[122],"strict":[123],"liability,":[124,126],"vicarious":[125],"accountability":[129],"as":[130,139],"mechanisms":[131],"for":[132],"proportional":[133],"responsibility":[134],"distribution":[135],"without":[136],"recognizing":[137],"legal":[141,162],"subject.":[142],"is":[145],"expected":[146],"contribute":[148],"reform":[151],"toward":[155],"more":[157],"adaptive,":[158],"responsive,":[159],"just":[161],"system":[163],"addressing":[165]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-23T00:00:00"}
