{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7204007941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","title":"Do deepfakes have a heartbeat? Detecting deepfake videos using remote photoplethysmography","display_name":"Do deepfakes have a heartbeat? Detecting deepfake videos using remote photoplethysmography","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7204007941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220544","display_name":"Forensic Science International Reports","issn_l":"2665-9107","issn":["2665-9107"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5095748119","display_name":"Stijn van Lierop","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2287-0881","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2287-0881"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158244335","display_name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04s2z4291","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stijn van Lierop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2287-0881","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121867759","display_name":"Sanne de Wit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158244335","display_name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04s2z4291","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanne de Wit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147824198","display_name":"Paula Pronk","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158244335","display_name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04s2z4291","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Pronk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045459089","display_name":"Zeno Geradts","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-5295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5912-5295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158244335","display_name":"Netherlands Forensic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04s2z4291","country_code":"NL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I887064364","display_name":"University of Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/04dkp9463","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeno Geradts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Netherlands Forensic Institute, Laan van Ypenburg 6, The Hague, 2497GB, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158244335"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Amsterdam, Science Park 900, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I887064364"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5095748119"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158244335","https://openalex.org/I887064364"],"apc_list":{"value":1090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1090},"apc_paid":{"value":1090,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1090},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"100509","last_page":"100509"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.0008999999845400453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deepfake-detection","display_name":"deepfake detection","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-photoplethysmography","display_name":"remote photoplethysmography","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate-estimation","display_name":"heart rate estimation","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-volume-pulse","display_name":"blood volume pulse","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-generated-video","display_name":"AI-generated video","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/text-to-video-models","display_name":"text-to-video models","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-authenticity","display_name":"video authenticity","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-forensics","display_name":"digital forensics","score":0.765999972820282}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7414000034332275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6711999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.5938000082969666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.48179998993873596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4327000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.3815999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.35740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988454689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173131","display_name":"Digital video","level":3,"score":0.35440000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.30239999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.27320000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779705975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62927","display_name":"Digital camera","level":2,"score":0.25769999623298645}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220544","display_name":"Forensic Science International Reports","issn_l":"2665-9107","issn":["2665-9107"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsir.2026.100509","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210220544","display_name":"Forensic Science International Reports","issn_l":"2665-9107","issn":["2665-9107"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Forensic Science International: Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003922338","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2069692225","https://openalex.org/W2106822551","https://openalex.org/W2520509592","https://openalex.org/W2766766681","https://openalex.org/W2982196965","https://openalex.org/W3096831136","https://openalex.org/W3217726993","https://openalex.org/W4224066359","https://openalex.org/W4233459953","https://openalex.org/W4293457161","https://openalex.org/W4361287653","https://openalex.org/W4384926132","https://openalex.org/W4386108504","https://openalex.org/W4387835506","https://openalex.org/W4390872011","https://openalex.org/W4392207717","https://openalex.org/W4404594878","https://openalex.org/W4404860171","https://openalex.org/W4406929399","https://openalex.org/W4409975206","https://openalex.org/W4410479490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4285284466","https://openalex.org/W4409975206","https://openalex.org/W3091747357","https://openalex.org/W4407097425","https://openalex.org/W4210482394","https://openalex.org/W7165530690","https://openalex.org/W4360838588","https://openalex.org/W4361287653","https://openalex.org/W4415444023","https://openalex.org/W3034966820"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,34,39,45,54,59,108,203,228],"rapid":[2],"advancements":[3],"in":[4,33,50,58,244],"generative":[5],"video":[6,83],"models":[7],"it":[8,95],"has":[9],"become":[10],"possible":[11],"to":[12,23,107,160,240],"manipulate":[13],"and":[14,26,84,131,213,220],"generate":[15],"hyperrealistic":[16],"videos.":[17,189],"So-called":[18],"deepfakes":[19,122],"can":[20,177,196],"be":[21,178,197],"used":[22],"facilitate":[24],"crimes":[25],"falsify":[27],"evidence,":[28],"thereby":[29],"undermining":[30],"public":[31],"trust":[32],"justice":[35],"system.":[36],"This":[37],"necessitates":[38],"development":[40],"of":[41,47,144,205,230,247],"reliable":[42],"methods":[43,65,71,104,150],"for":[44,180],"authentication":[46],"digital":[48],"media":[49],"forensic":[51],"practice.":[52],"Among":[53],"many":[55],"strategies":[56],"explored":[57],"literature,":[60],"remote":[61],"photoplethysmography":[62],"(rPPG)-based":[63],"detection":[64,103],"represent":[66],"a":[67,82,117,142,234,245],"promising":[68],"direction.":[69],"These":[70],"assess":[72,241],"authenticity":[73],"based":[74,89],"on":[75,90,152,233],"blood":[76],"volume":[77],"pulse":[78],"signals":[79,100,126,136,176],"estimated":[80,198],"from":[81,128,199],"have":[85],"demonstrated":[86],"robust":[87],"performance":[88],"physiologically":[91],"interpretable":[92],"features.":[93],"However,":[94],"remains":[96],"unclear":[97],"whether":[98,134],"rPPG":[99,125,175,200,231],"utilized":[101],"by":[102,123,167],"actually":[105],"correspond":[106],"real-life":[109],"heart":[110,139,194],"rate.":[111],"In":[112],"this":[113],"study,":[114],"we":[115,132,156],"introduce":[116],"simple":[118],"approach":[119],"that":[120,174,192],"detects":[121],"analyzing":[124],"obtained":[127],"portrait":[129],"videos,":[130],"investigate":[133,227],"these":[135,206],"truly":[137],"reflect":[138],"rate":[140,195],"through":[141],"series":[143],"ground-truth":[145,193,238],"experiments.":[146],"Furthermore,":[147],"where":[148],"existing":[149],"focused":[151],"faceswap":[153,183],"videos":[154,165],"only,":[155],"extend":[157],"our":[158],"evaluation":[159],"also":[161],"include":[162],"fully":[163,187],"AI-generated":[164,188],"created":[166],"state-of-the-art,":[168],"commercial":[169],"text-to-video":[170],"models.":[171],"Results":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"informative":[179],"detecting":[181],"both":[182],"as":[184,186,217],"well":[185],"We":[190],"find":[191],"signals,":[201],"although":[202],"accuracy":[204],"estimates":[207],"varies":[208],"substantially":[209],"with":[210],"dataset":[211,239],"characteristics":[212],"acquisition":[214],"conditions,":[215],"such":[216],"environmental":[218],"lighting":[219],"camera":[221],"specifications.":[222],"Future":[223],"work":[224],"should":[225],"therefore":[226],"reliability":[229],"analysis":[232],"large":[235],"forensically":[236],"relevant":[237],"its":[242],"applicability":[243],"variety":[246],"challenging":[248],"case":[249],"conditions.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-23T00:00:00"}