{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203952007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","title":"Assessing the Determinants of Effective Force Account Implementation in Public Road Construction Projects in Tanzania","display_name":"Assessing the Determinants of Effective Force Account Implementation in Public Road Construction Projects in Tanzania","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203952007","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390296831","display_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","issn_l":"2814-1091","issn":["2814-1091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120422683","display_name":"Newa Laurent Makawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-8628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-8628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15846685","display_name":"Mzumbe University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qrvdj69","country_code":"TZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]}],"countries":["TZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Makawa Laurent","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mzumbe University,  Dar es Salaam Campus, P.O Box 20266"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5499-8628","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mzumbe University,  Dar es Salaam Campus, P.O Box 20266","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120422683"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15846685"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"5","first_page":"337","last_page":"368"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10395","display_name":"Construction Project Management and Performance","score":0.9897000193595886,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12779","display_name":"Public Procurement and Policy","score":0.004900000058114529,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11939","display_name":"Public-Private Partnership Projects","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-road-construction","display_name":"public road construction","score":0.8560000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-implementation-effectiveness","display_name":"project implementation effectiveness","score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/procurement-practices","display_name":"procurement practices","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/project-management-practices","display_name":"project management practices","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/institutional-capacity","display_name":"institutional capacity","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-capacity","display_name":"financial capacity","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-availability","display_name":"resource availability","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construction-financing","display_name":"construction financing","score":0.39100000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dar-es-salaam","display_name":"Dar es Salaam","score":0.8759999871253967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201650216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829492","display_name":"Procurement","level":2,"score":0.786899983882904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779357621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655495","display_name":"Tanzania","level":2,"score":0.5385000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017560084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34442","display_name":"Road construction","level":2,"score":0.49410000443458557},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.42289999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.41510000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.3783999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99656134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912993","display_name":"Ordinary least squares","level":2,"score":0.3671000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.36340001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.3619000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984708878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q385378","display_name":"Construction industry","level":2,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117110933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811501","display_name":"Construction management","level":2,"score":0.3409000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152877465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208042","display_name":"Regression analysis","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993465482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627364","display_name":"Public work","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184898388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1435712","display_name":"Pairwise comparison","level":2,"score":0.31369999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779622097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1417724","display_name":"Capacity building","level":2,"score":0.3125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.30730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3025999963283539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15952604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179012","display_name":"Project management","level":2,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.28600001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110313322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100793","display_name":"Ordinal regression","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294217","display_name":"Public sector","level":2,"score":0.2782999873161316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.2741999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.27149999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188048851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2298569","display_name":"Road map","level":2,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506796395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4738155","display_name":"Financial management","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780815959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18390984","display_name":"Monitoring and evaluation","level":2,"score":0.2597000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5395021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061410","display_name":"Program evaluation","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390296831","display_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","issn_l":"2814-1091","issn":["2814-1091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/jpds.v20i5.14","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4390296831","display_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","issn_l":"2814-1091","issn":["2814-1091"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Policy and Development Studies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.7207000255584717,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6601999998092651,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4403735924","https://openalex.org/W4408291303","https://openalex.org/W3155630043","https://openalex.org/W3176888952","https://openalex.org/W4399059185","https://openalex.org/W4312185174","https://openalex.org/W4413989630","https://openalex.org/W7001255352","https://openalex.org/W7124819076","https://openalex.org/W4401275605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,18,173],"assessed":[2],"the":[3,70,100,137,164,207],"determinants":[4,84],"of":[5,48,142,153,183,212],"effective":[6],"Force":[7,37,90,155,213],"Account":[8,38,91,156,214],"implementation":[9],"in":[10,15,42,193,218],"public":[11],"road":[12,39,215],"construction":[13,40,194,216],"projects":[14,41,217],"Tanzania.":[16,219],"The":[17,77,172],"adopted":[19],"a":[20],"cross-sectional":[21],"research":[22],"design":[23],"whereas":[24],"primary":[25],"data":[26],"were":[27,53,168],"collected":[28],"through":[29],"structured":[30],"questionnaires":[31],"from":[32],"120":[33],"respondents":[34],"working":[35,143],"on":[36,69],"Ilala,":[43],"Temeke,":[44],"and":[45,59,64,86,95,127,146,177,188,196,199,202,210],"Kinondoni":[46],"districts":[47],"Dar":[49],"es":[50],"Salaam.":[51],"Data":[52],"analyzed":[54],"using":[55],"descriptive":[56],"statistics,":[57],"reliability":[58],"validity":[60],"tests,":[61],"correlation":[62],"analysis,":[63],"hierarchical":[65],"multiple":[66],"regression":[67],"based":[68],"Ordinary":[71],"Least":[72],"Squares":[73],"(OLS)":[74],"estimation":[75],"technique.":[76],"findings":[78],"revealed":[79],"that":[80],"all":[81],"four":[82],"principal":[83],"significantly":[85,150],"positively":[87],"influenced":[88],"Effective":[89,154],"Implementation,":[92],"with":[93],"Procurement":[94],"Project":[96],"Management":[97],"Practices":[98],"exerting":[99],"strongest":[101],"effect":[102],"(\u03b2":[103,113,121,130],"=":[104,114,122,131,134],"0.326,":[105],"p":[106,116,124,133],"<":[107,117,125],"0.001),":[108,118,126],"followed":[109],"by":[110],"Institutional":[111],"Capacity":[112,120],"0.267,":[115],"Financial":[119],"0.214,":[123],"Resource":[128],"Availability":[129],"0.186,":[132],"0.002).":[135],"Regarding":[136],"control":[138,166],"variables,":[139],"different":[140],"levels":[141],"experience,":[144],"education":[145],"job":[147],"position":[148],"exhibited":[149],"higher":[151],"perceptions":[152],"Implementation":[157],"than":[158],"their":[159],"respective":[160],"reference":[161],"categories,":[162],"while":[163],"remaining":[165],"variables":[167],"not":[169],"statistically":[170],"significant.":[171],"recommends":[174],"strengthening":[175],"institutional":[176],"technical":[178],"capacity,":[179],"ensuring":[180],"timely":[181],"financing":[182],"projects,":[184],"improving":[185],"procurement":[186],"planning":[187],"supply":[189],"chain":[190],"coordination,":[191],"investing":[192],"equipment":[195],"skilled":[197],"personnel,":[198],"enhancing":[200],"monitoring":[201],"evaluation":[203],"mechanisms":[204],"to":[205],"improve":[206],"efficiency,":[208],"quality,":[209],"sustainability":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-22T00:00:00"}
