{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203912467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","title":"Decarbonizing STIB Bus Fleet: A Multi-Criteria Comparison of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses","display_name":"Decarbonizing STIB Bus Fleet: A Multi-Criteria Comparison of Battery Electric and Hydrogen Fuel Cell Buses","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203912467","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/wevj17100536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2913398011","display_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","issn_l":"2032-6653","issn":["2032-6653"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147695223","display_name":"Daniel De Wolf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5948-6648","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5948-6648"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel De Wolf","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5948-6648","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147757581","display_name":"Marine Van\u2019t Westeinde","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marine Van\u2019t Westeinde","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002222994","display_name":"Chunzi Qu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-5923","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-5923"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunzi Qu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147695223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"apc_paid":{"value":1400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":1689},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48520988,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"536","last_page":"536"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.8715999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.09790000319480896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12725","display_name":"Railways and European Transport Policy","score":0.017799999564886093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery-electric-buses","display_name":"battery electric buses","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-cell-electric-buses","display_name":"fuel cell electric buses","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-fuel-cell-buses","display_name":"hydrogen fuel cell buses","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-public-transport","display_name":"urban public transport","score":0.6869999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stib","display_name":"STIB","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.578000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/total-cost-of-ownership","display_name":"total cost of ownership","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/green-hydrogen","display_name":"green hydrogen","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grey-hydrogen","display_name":"grey hydrogen","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-generation-mix","display_name":"electricity mix","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrogen-refueling-infrastructure","display_name":"hydrogen refueling infrastructure","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-criteria-decision-making","display_name":"multi-criteria decision making","score":0.7829999923706055}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778324724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076056","display_name":"Electrification","level":3,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.5831000208854675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5616000294685364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5552999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5220000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5113000273704529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.44909998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3982999920845032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190839683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2448197","display_name":"Train","level":2,"score":0.3885999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.38119998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7453809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568469","display_name":"Energy carrier","level":3,"score":0.375900000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40293303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27137","display_name":"Electric power","level":3,"score":0.3628999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200013194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5074261","display_name":"Charge cycle","level":5,"score":0.3619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778434605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2445479","display_name":"Total cost of ownership","level":2,"score":0.3601999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.34369999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778706760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581950","display_name":"Life-cycle assessment","level":3,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5979214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126932","display_name":"Cost of electricity by source","level":4,"score":0.3334999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9682599","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11549077","display_name":"Hydrogen fuel","level":3,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181230689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192472","display_name":"Net present value","level":3,"score":0.32499998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512968161","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q556","display_name":"Hydrogen","level":2,"score":0.32269999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776756539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221620","display_name":"Cogeneration","level":4,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6927289","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1100466","display_name":"Present value","level":2,"score":0.3158999979496002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C423512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q383973","display_name":"Electricity generation","level":3,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777648813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2508647","display_name":"Market penetration","level":2,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.3046000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987658370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180253","display_name":"Fuel cells","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108713360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1824206","display_name":"Supply chain","level":2,"score":0.2944999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779136927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900762","display_name":"Electric-vehicle battery","level":4,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776125615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18391886","display_name":"Economic evaluation","level":2,"score":0.2849000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539828613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178512","display_name":"Public transport","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778580826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6545089","display_name":"Life-cycle cost analysis","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776190866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341477","display_name":"Energy supply","level":3,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2791999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.2777000069618225}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/wevj17100536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2913398011","display_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","issn_l":"2032-6653","issn":["2032-6653"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202608.1444.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202608.1444.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202608.1444.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05835225v1","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05835225v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal, 2026, 17 (10), pp.536. &#x27E8;10.3390/wevj17100536&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:70a6f7254125477081e6114f14c9ac12","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/70a6f7254125477081e6114f14c9ac12","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal, Vol 17, Iss 10, p 536 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/wevj17100536","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj17100536","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2913398011","display_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","issn_l":"2032-6653","issn":["2032-6653"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"World Electric Vehicle Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":1.0,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0,"display_name":"Climate action"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9853000044822693,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1583981513","https://openalex.org/W2074884269","https://openalex.org/W2764002648","https://openalex.org/W3000175473","https://openalex.org/W3183208162","https://openalex.org/W4220957454","https://openalex.org/W4238715790","https://openalex.org/W4389558254","https://openalex.org/W4390267139","https://openalex.org/W4394741720","https://openalex.org/W4399204188","https://openalex.org/W4403392080","https://openalex.org/W4403835037","https://openalex.org/W4404520617","https://openalex.org/W4405624686","https://openalex.org/W4406598157","https://openalex.org/W4407931174","https://openalex.org/W4409198044","https://openalex.org/W4409317769","https://openalex.org/W4409621511","https://openalex.org/W4411210109","https://openalex.org/W4414308135","https://openalex.org/W7124421502","https://openalex.org/W7125810944","https://openalex.org/W7169723408","https://openalex.org/W7213468266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4389558254","https://openalex.org/W4410035815","https://openalex.org/W4414308135","https://openalex.org/W7147068143","https://openalex.org/W4410043285","https://openalex.org/W4406564028","https://openalex.org/W7058138933","https://openalex.org/W7203655535","https://openalex.org/W4214819608","https://openalex.org/W4220930111"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"evaluates":[2],"the":[3,8,131,207,217,224],"optimal":[4,225],"technological":[5],"pathway":[6,228],"for":[7,139,165,229,241],"Brussels":[9],"Intercommunal":[10],"Transport":[11],"Company":[12],"(STIB)":[13],"to":[14,162,178,192,239],"progressively":[15],"decarbonize":[16],"its":[17],"urban":[18],"surface":[19],"transit":[20,74],"fleet.":[21],"A":[22],"comprehensive,":[23],"region-specific":[24],"evaluation":[25],"framework":[26],"is":[27,121,128],"developed,":[28],"comparing":[29],"Battery":[30],"Electric":[31,37],"Buses":[32,38],"(BEBs)":[33],"and":[34,48,77,105,147,200,213],"Fuel":[35],"Cell":[36],"(FCEBs)":[39],"across":[40],"three":[41],"key":[42],"pillars:":[43],"environmental":[44,89],"performance,":[45],"economic":[46,137],"feasibility,":[47],"operational":[49],"practicality.":[50],"The":[51,84],"methodology":[52],"integrates":[53],"a":[54,60,78,135,143,154,167,232],"cradle-to-grave":[55],"Life":[56],"Cycle":[57],"Assessment":[58],"(LCA),":[59],"discounted":[61],"Net":[62],"Present":[63],"Value":[64],"Total":[65],"Cost":[66],"of":[67,150,158,236],"Ownership":[68],"(TCO)":[69],"model,":[70],"semi-structured":[71],"interviews":[72],"with":[73],"engineering":[75],"experts,":[76],"final":[79],"Multi-Criteria":[80],"Decision-Making":[81],"(MCDM)":[82],"matrix.":[83],"LCA":[85],"results":[86,183],"demonstrate":[87],"that":[88,185,221],"benefits":[90],"are":[91],"highly":[92],"contingent":[93],"upon":[94],"upstream":[95],"energy":[96],"pathways;":[97],"under":[98],"an":[99],"optimized":[100],"low-carbon":[101],"Belgian":[102],"electricity":[103],"mix":[104],"renewable":[106],"electrolysis,":[107],"FCEBs":[108],"achieve":[109,153],"lower":[110],"lifetime":[111],"emissions":[112],"than":[113],"BEBs":[114,152,186,222],"(0.21":[115],"versus":[116],"0.30kgCO2e/km),":[117],"though":[118],"this":[119],"advantage":[120],"entirely":[122],"neutralized":[123],"if":[124],"fossil-derived":[125],"grey":[126],"hydrogen":[127,140,173],"used.":[129],"Conversely,":[130],"TCO":[132],"analysis":[133,219],"outlines":[134],"severe":[136],"penalty":[138],"fleets;":[141],"over":[142],"15-year":[144],"design":[145],"lifespan":[146],"675,000":[148],"km":[149],"operation,":[151],"standardized":[155],"unit":[156],"cost":[157],"1.19bad":[159],"hbox":[160,164],"compared":[161,238],"1.84bad":[163],"FCEBs,":[166],"gap":[168],"driven":[169],"by":[170],"current":[171],"green":[172],"market":[174],"price":[175],"premiums":[176],"relative":[177],"grid":[179],"electricity.":[180],"Empirical":[181],"interview":[182],"confirm":[184],"exhibit":[187],"superior":[188],"localized":[189],"practicality":[190],"due":[191],"established":[193],"infrastructure":[194],"compatibility,":[195],"mature":[196],"depot":[197],"electrification":[198],"roadmaps,":[199],"high":[201],"power":[202],"supply":[203],"reliability,":[204],"which":[205],"offset":[206],"FCEB\u2019s":[208],"theoretical":[209],"advantages":[210],"in":[211],"range":[212],"refueling":[214],"logistics.":[215],"Finally,":[216],"multi-criteria":[218],"confirms":[220],"represent":[223],"near-to-mid-term":[226],"transition":[227],"STIB,":[230],"securing":[231],"global":[233],"suitability":[234],"score":[235],"0.94":[237],"0.76":[240],"FCEBs.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-22T00:00:00"}
