{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203901352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","title":"A standardized framework for machine learning in power system protection","display_name":"A standardized framework for machine learning in power system protection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203901352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168377509","display_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","issn_l":"0142-0615","issn":["0142-0615","1879-3517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116594401","display_name":"Julian Oelhaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8204-589X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8204-589X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Julian Oelhaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8204-589X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087634173","display_name":"Georg Kordowich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-7926","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-7926"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georg Kordowich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Energy Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2225-7926","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Energy Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090347814","display_name":"Paula Andrea P\u00e9rez-Toro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-2116","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-2116"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paula Andrea P\u00e9rez-Toro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2727-2116","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037742768","display_name":"Christian Bergler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1793-5798","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1793-5798"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091978","display_name":"Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden","ror":"https://ror.org/00gm0aw40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091978"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Bergler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Media and Computer Science, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring 23, 92224, Amberg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1793-5798","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Media and Computer Science, Ostbayerische Technische Hochschule Amberg-Weiden, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Ring 23, 92224, Amberg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091978"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070262643","display_name":"Johann Jaeger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2186-9189","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2186-9189"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann J\u00e4ger","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Electrical Energy Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electrical Energy Systems, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Cauerstr. 4, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101619735","display_name":"Andreas Maier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-5284","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-5284","https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7583-9144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andreas Maier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9550-5284","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053698756","display_name":"Siming Bayer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-4805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-4805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181369854","display_name":"Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","ror":"https://ror.org/00f7hpc57","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siming Bayer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2874-4805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pattern Recognition Lab, Friedrich-Alexander-Universit\u00e4t Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5116594401"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181369854"],"apc_list":{"value":3920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3920},"apc_paid":{"value":3920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3920},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57464314,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"181","issue":null,"first_page":"112169","last_page":"112169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization-of-assessment","display_name":"assessment standardization","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-classification","display_name":"fault classification","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-localization","display_name":"fault location","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-transients","display_name":"electromagnetic transients","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"multilayer perceptron","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.5600000023841858}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36299963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1369844","display_name":"Observability","level":2,"score":0.6891999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6693999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6215000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.519599974155426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.45179998874664307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.420199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.413100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155032097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798503","display_name":"Backpropagation","level":3,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34388435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267362","display_name":"Bounded function","level":2,"score":0.3301999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.310699999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3091000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28761237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7805321","display_name":"Time horizon","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.3009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152745839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5438153","display_name":"Fault detection and isolation","level":3,"score":0.2962999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60908668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690207","display_name":"Perceptron","level":3,"score":0.28679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27181475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q541014","display_name":"Cross-validation","level":2,"score":0.28540000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.2678999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.2524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198352243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37105","display_name":"Line (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.2524000108242035}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168377509","display_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","issn_l":"0142-0615","issn":["0142-0615","1879-3517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.20181","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.20181","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.20181","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5e7c9f5c277346f8a4135fb7730e4382","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5e7c9f5c277346f8a4135fb7730e4382","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Vol 181, Iss , Pp 112169- (2026)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:open.fau.de:openfau/41547","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://open.fau.de/handle/openfau/41547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402340","display_name":"OPUS FAU (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg (KOBV), on behalf of the Universit\u00e4tsbibliothek Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.20181","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.20181","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.20181","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2026.112169","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168377509","display_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems","issn_l":"0142-0615","issn":["0142-0615","1879-3517"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-2","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Electrical Power &amp; Energy Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5934475558","display_name":"Koordinierter Netzschutz auf Basis maschineller Lernverfahren","funder_award_id":"535389056","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214197542","https://openalex.org/W7166538314","https://openalex.org/W4414809341","https://openalex.org/W3135325787","https://openalex.org/W7219486266","https://openalex.org/W4413655363","https://openalex.org/W7212808403","https://openalex.org/W3010308082","https://openalex.org/W3017001835","https://openalex.org/W4405735403"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Studies":[0],"of":[1,12,50,136,148,153,244],"machine-learning-based":[2],"power-system":[3],"protection":[4,60,246],"increasingly":[5],"report":[6],"near-perfect":[7],"scores,":[8],"yet":[9],"the":[10,18,51,93,157,163,167,183,199],"meaning":[11],"those":[13],"scores":[14],"depends":[15],"strongly":[16],"on":[17,92,191],"evaluation":[19,46,81,223,239],"setting.":[20],"Protection":[21],"task,":[22],"physical":[23,62],"scope,":[24,64],"measurements,":[25,67],"timing,":[26],"targets,":[27],"preprocessing,":[28],"and":[29,34,66,69,73,77,80,112,122,142,208,227,230,240],"validation":[30,78],"often":[31],"vary":[32],"jointly":[33],"remain":[35],"incompletely":[36],"specified.":[37],"This":[38],"paper":[39],"proposes":[40],"a":[41,88,125,130,143,232],"standardization-oriented":[42],"framework":[43,84,221],"that":[44,212],"treats":[45],"design":[47],"as":[48],"part":[49],"scientific":[52],"contribution.":[53],"It":[54],"defines":[55],"seven":[56],"required":[57],"study":[58,91],"dimensions:":[59],"objective,":[61],"system":[63],"observability":[65,180],"timing":[68],"decision":[70,168],"windows,":[71,121],"targets":[72],"valid":[74],"samples,":[75],"training":[76],"protocol,":[79],"outputs.":[82],"The":[83,220],"is":[85],"instantiated":[86],"in":[87],"bounded":[89],"case":[90],"public":[94],"PROTECT-90":[95],"electromagnetic-transient":[96],"benchmark,":[97],"comprising":[98],"9022":[99],"simulated":[100],"episodes":[101],"from":[102],"one":[103],"90":[104],"kV":[105],"double-line":[106],"topology":[107],"for":[108,140,234],"onset-conditioned":[109],"fault":[110,113],"classification":[111,141],"localization.":[114],"Under":[115],"centralized":[116],"sensing,":[117],"simulation-metadata-aligned":[118],"20":[119],"ms":[120,172],"episode-grouped":[123,164],"validation,":[124],"multi-layer":[126],"perceptron":[127],"(MLP)":[128],"achieved":[129],"five-fold":[131],"mean":[132,145],"macro-averaged":[133],"F1":[134],"score":[135],"0.991":[137],"\u00b1":[138,150],"0.001":[139],"localization":[144,185],"absolute":[146],"error":[147,186],"10.20":[149],"0.25":[151],"%":[152],"line":[154],"length,":[155],"where":[156],"standard":[158],"deviations":[159],"describe":[160],"variation":[161],"across":[162],"folds.":[165],"Extending":[166],"horizon":[169],"to":[170],"50":[171],"preserved":[173],"this":[174],"task-dependent":[175],"performance":[176,215],"asymmetry,":[177],"while":[178],"reduced":[179],"approximately":[181],"doubled":[182],"MLP":[184],"but":[187],"had":[188],"little":[189],"effect":[190],"classification.":[192],"A":[193],"synchronized":[194],"two-ended":[195],"conventional":[196],"locator":[197],"outperformed":[198],"learning":[200],"locators":[201],"under":[202],"its":[203],"richer":[204],"clean":[205,213],"information":[206],"set,":[207],"measurement":[209],"degradation":[210],"showed":[211],"predictive":[214],"did":[216],"not":[217],"determine":[218],"robustness.":[219],"turns":[222],"assumptions":[224],"into":[225],"explicit":[226],"reproducible":[228],"evidence":[229],"provides":[231],"basis":[233],"more":[235],"comparable,":[236],"auditable":[237],"research":[238],"future":[241],"certification-oriented":[242],"assessment":[243],"machine-learning":[245],"functions.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2026-08-22T00:00:00"}
