{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203839591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","title":"HbA1c AND THE RISK OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS","display_name":"HbA1c AND THE RISK OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY PROGRESSION: CURRENT EVIDENCE AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203839591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206754","display_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","issn_l":"2544-9338","issn":["2544-9338","2544-9435"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210100292","host_organization_name":"RS Global (Poland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100292"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128078473","display_name":"Julia \u0141ukasik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0055-4296","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0055-4296"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166853","display_name":"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie","ror":"https://ror.org/05vgmh969","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166853"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia \u0141ukasik","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0055-4296","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000606440","display_name":"Karolina Ba\u0142dys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8764-6327","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8764-6327"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210145463","display_name":"WSB University","ror":"https://ror.org/046tym167","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145463"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karolina Ba\u0142dys","raw_affiliation_strings":["WSB University, Collegium Medicum, D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8764-6327","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"WSB University, Collegium Medicum, D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210145463"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143434801","display_name":"Klaudia Jeziorowska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2510-6991","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2510-6991"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaudia Jeziorowska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2510-6991","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143398406","display_name":"Maria Ca\u0142usi\u0144ska-Skowron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8749-0018","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8749-0018"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Ca\u0142usi\u0144ska-Skowron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8749-0018","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143425166","display_name":"Aleksandra Regina \u017bmuda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8655-5546","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8655-5546"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166853","display_name":"Szpital Uniwersytecki w Krakowie","ror":"https://ror.org/05vgmh969","country_code":"PL","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210166853"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Regina \u017bmuda","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8655-5546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospital in Krak\u00f3w, Krak\u00f3w, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166853"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143407771","display_name":"Aleksandra Karolina Schmidt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4135-1245","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4135-1245"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandra Karolina Schmidt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4135-1245","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143398489","display_name":"Kornel Adrian Jarosz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2849-8872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2849-8872"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kornel Adrian Jarosz","raw_affiliation_strings":["County Hospital Complex in Ole\u015bnica, Ole\u015bnica, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2849-8872","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"County Hospital Complex in Ole\u015bnica, Ole\u015bnica, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143438879","display_name":"Anna Kud\u0142acik","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9299-0593","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9299-0593"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Kud\u0142acik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9299-0593","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143405708","display_name":"Magdalena Frank\u00f3w","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9979-0907","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9979-0907"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210113998","display_name":"Oswego Community Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/032g22j83","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210113998"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137429","display_name":"Ottumwa Regional Health Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03pxwfh12","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137429"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Magdalena Frank\u00f3w","raw_affiliation_strings":["Health Care Center in O\u0142awa, O\u0142awa, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9979-0907","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Health Care Center in O\u0142awa, O\u0142awa, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210113998","https://openalex.org/I4210137429"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143403953","display_name":"Oktawian Kaczmarek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9766-5123","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9766-5123"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oktawian Kaczmarek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9766-5123","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Municipal Hospital Complex in Chorzow, Chorzow, Poland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":100},"apc_paid":{"value":100,"currency":"USD","value_usd":100},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"3(51)","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10170","display_name":"Retinal Diseases and Treatments","score":0.9907000064849854,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10560","display_name":"Diabetes Management and Research","score":0.004399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2712","display_name":"Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hba1c","display_name":"HbA1c","score":0.9470000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy","score":0.9539999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-retinopathy-progression","display_name":"diabetic retinopathy progression","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glycemic-control","display_name":"glycemic control","score":0.9829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-1-diabetes","display_name":"type 1 diabetes","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-2-diabetes","display_name":"type 2 diabetes","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diabetic-microvascular-complications","display_name":"diabetic microvascular complications","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease-prevention","display_name":"disease prevention","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-function","display_name":"visual function","score":0.36399999260902405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9330999851226807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779829184","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631361","display_name":"Diabetic retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.79339998960495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780473172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572518","display_name":"Glycemic","level":3,"score":0.7412999868392944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555293320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"Diabetes mellitus","level":2,"score":0.6686000227928162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778313320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550455","display_name":"Retinopathy","level":3,"score":0.5835000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777538456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311213","display_name":"Glycated hemoglobin","level":4,"score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780920962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12206","display_name":"United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study","level":4,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4706999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4602000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.4586000144481659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778848681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6725716","display_name":"Macrovascular disease","level":4,"score":0.42170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777180221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.3977000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.3433000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.3359000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781232474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124407","display_name":"Type 1 diabetes","level":3,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.3082999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2921000123023987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910068830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3025883","display_name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","level":3,"score":0.2872999906539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776403814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27429789","display_name":"Macular degeneration","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206754","display_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","issn_l":"2544-9338","issn":["2544-9338","2544-9435"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210100292","host_organization_name":"RS Global (Poland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100292"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:rspublisher.org:article/6286","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://rspublisher.org/index.php/ijitss/article/view/6286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402503","display_name":"RS Global journals (RS Global Sp. z O.O.)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210100292","host_organization_name":"RS Global (Poland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100292"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"2544-9338","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","doi":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.31435/ijitss.3(51).2026.6286","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210206754","display_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","issn_l":"2544-9338","issn":["2544-9338","2544-9435"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["erih-plus","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210100292","host_organization_name":"RS Global (Poland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100292"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Social Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526927233","https://openalex.org/W1984158303","https://openalex.org/W2034900477","https://openalex.org/W2042703173","https://openalex.org/W2105731956","https://openalex.org/W2123946565","https://openalex.org/W2138480916","https://openalex.org/W2146901298","https://openalex.org/W2171553260","https://openalex.org/W2193621263","https://openalex.org/W2219384223","https://openalex.org/W2337454357","https://openalex.org/W2471605942","https://openalex.org/W2769264260","https://openalex.org/W2913243486","https://openalex.org/W3158522809","https://openalex.org/W4211205882","https://openalex.org/W4389560723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7215087437","https://openalex.org/W7138403506","https://openalex.org/W4396839988","https://openalex.org/W3155873336","https://openalex.org/W4409586039","https://openalex.org/W4238084726","https://openalex.org/W2782671613","https://openalex.org/W7129088980","https://openalex.org/W7223297452","https://openalex.org/W4412048073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Diabetic":[1,122],"retinopathy":[2,163,226,255],"(DR)":[3],"is":[4,32],"one":[5,217],"of":[6,12,20,43,66,85,121,136,158,182,206,218,224,231,252],"the":[7,41,56,62,103,110,117,134,180,219,250],"most":[8,220],"common":[9],"microvascular":[10],"complications":[11],"diabetes":[13,171,233],"mellitus":[14],"and":[15,61,64,79,95,106,127,160,168,227,244,257],"remains":[16,216,249],"a":[17,203],"leading":[18],"cause":[19],"preventable":[21],"vision":[22],"loss":[23],"worldwide.":[24],"Glycated":[25],"hemoglobin":[26],"(HbA1c),":[27],"reflecting":[28],"long-term":[29,236],"glycemic":[30,176,237],"control,":[31,238],"widely":[33],"recognized":[34],"as":[35,202],"an":[36,155,228],"important":[37],"biomarker":[38,205],"for":[39],"assessing":[40],"risk":[42,77,157,181,208,212,246],"diabetic":[44,67,139,162,225,254],"complications.":[45],"Objective:":[46],"This":[47],"narrative":[48],"review":[49,84],"aimed":[50],"to":[51,132],"summarize":[52],"current":[53,96],"evidence":[54,144],"regarding":[55],"relationship":[57],"between":[58],"HbA1c":[59,137,149,189,197,215],"levels":[60,150],"development":[63],"progression":[65,256],"retinopathy,":[68],"with":[69,154,240],"particular":[70],"emphasis":[71],"on":[72],"its":[73],"clinical":[74,97,211],"significance":[75],"in":[76,138,164,175],"assessment":[78,243],"disease":[80,192],"prevention.":[81],"Methods:":[82],"A":[83],"landmark":[86],"randomized":[87],"controlled":[88],"trials,":[89],"epidemiological":[90],"studies,":[91],"systematic":[92],"reviews,":[93],"meta-analyses,":[94],"guidelines":[98],"was":[99,130],"conducted.":[100],"Evidence":[101],"from":[102],"Diabetes":[104,114],"Control":[105],"Complications":[107],"Trial":[108],"(DCCT),":[109],"United":[111],"Kingdom":[112],"Prospective":[113],"Study":[115,120],"(UKPDS),":[116],"Wisconsin":[118],"Epidemiologic":[119],"Retinopathy":[123],"(WESDR),":[124],"ACCORD,":[125],"ADVANCE,":[126],"recent":[128],"reviews":[129],"synthesized":[131],"evaluate":[133],"role":[135],"retinopathy.":[140],"Results:":[141],"The":[142],"available":[143],"consistently":[145],"demonstrates":[146],"that":[147],"elevated":[148],"are":[151],"strongly":[152],"associated":[153],"increased":[156],"developing":[159],"progressing":[161],"both":[165],"type":[166,169],"1":[167],"2":[170],"mellitus.":[172],"Sustained":[173],"improvement":[174],"control":[177],"significantly":[178],"reduces":[179],"retinal":[183,207],"complications,":[184],"although":[185],"no":[186],"universally":[187],"accepted":[188],"threshold":[190],"predicting":[191],"onset":[193],"has":[194],"been":[195],"established.":[196],"should":[198],"therefore":[199],"be":[200],"interpreted":[201],"continuous":[204],"alongside":[209],"other":[210],"factors.":[213],"Conclusions:":[214],"valuable":[221],"modifiable":[222],"predictors":[223],"essential":[229],"component":[230],"individualized":[232],"management.":[234],"Optimizing":[235],"combined":[239],"regular":[241],"ophthalmologic":[242],"comprehensive":[245],"factor":[247],"management,":[248],"cornerstone":[251],"preventing":[253],"preserving":[258],"visual":[259],"function.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-11T12:16:26.678958","created_date":"2026-08-21T00:00:00"}
