{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203830398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","title":"Gendered Institutional Gatekeeping in Human Trafficking Cases in Pakistan: A Critical Synthesis of Victim Identification, Evidential Attrition, and Inter-agency Cooperation","display_name":"Gendered Institutional Gatekeeping in Human Trafficking Cases in Pakistan: A Critical Synthesis of Victim Identification, Evidential Attrition, and Inter-agency Cooperation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203830398","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7318999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147401301","display_name":"Muhammad Bilal Aslam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79571142","display_name":"Virtual University of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00ya1zd25","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Bilal Aslam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Virtual University of Pakistan, M.A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2290-9801","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Virtual University of Pakistan, M.A. Jinnah Campus, Defence Road, off Raiwind Road, Lahore, Punjab 54000, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146562937","display_name":"Sabahat Bashir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sabahat Bashir","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147401301"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11350","display_name":"Sex work and related issues","score":0.8823000192642212,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12736","display_name":"Criminal Justice and Penology","score":0.02280000038444996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11838","display_name":"Crime, Illicit Activities, and Governance","score":0.017000000923871994,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-trafficking","display_name":"human trafficking","score":0.9860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-based-violence","display_name":"gender-based violence","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/victim-identification","display_name":"victim identification","score":0.6159999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inter-agency-cooperation","display_name":"inter-agency cooperation","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-justice-system","display_name":"criminal justice system","score":0.546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/conviction-rates","display_name":"conviction rates","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resource-constraints","display_name":"resource constraints","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/street-level-bureaucracy","display_name":"street-level bureaucracy","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feminist-institutionalism","display_name":"feminist institutionalism","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pakistan","display_name":"Pakistan","score":0.550000011920929}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777278149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Conviction","level":2,"score":0.6496999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776478993","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21129531","display_name":"Sex trafficking","level":3,"score":0.5318999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.5249999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102587632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117488","display_name":"Criminal justice","level":2,"score":0.5224999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.47189998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73380752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609087","display_name":"Gatekeeping","level":2,"score":0.46320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777632292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q315515","display_name":"Discretion","level":2,"score":0.45399999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.4471000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73484699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161733","display_name":"Criminology","level":1,"score":0.4341999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4009999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3935000002384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51575053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q72468","display_name":"Bureaucracy","level":3,"score":0.3889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20555606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868575","display_name":"Empowerment","level":2,"score":0.3840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.37619999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984309518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181784","display_name":"Human trafficking","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909129154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2916183","display_name":"Criminal Conviction","level":3,"score":0.3684000074863434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139621336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3190382","display_name":"Economic Justice","level":2,"score":0.3644999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781394664","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19705","display_name":"Criminal code","level":3,"score":0.35519999265670776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542059537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156537","display_name":"Domestic violence","level":4,"score":0.3465000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190542761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904637","display_name":"Devolution (biology)","level":3,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169437150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8458","display_name":"Human rights","level":2,"score":0.29499998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777688943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3092681","display_name":"Feminism","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778025104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408004","display_name":"Toll","level":2,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164429055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2070165","display_name":"Institutionalisation","level":2,"score":0.27000001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.2565000057220459}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7318999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.7318999","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.7318999","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","display_name":"Gender equality"},{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"},{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7221836595","https://openalex.org/W7223266653","https://openalex.org/W7171686497","https://openalex.org/W7215475758","https://openalex.org/W4404894516","https://openalex.org/W2511713995","https://openalex.org/W7115909514","https://openalex.org/W4252075224","https://openalex.org/W2582982813","https://openalex.org/W2480216247"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-21T00:00:00"}