{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203830171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","title":"Improving Light Use, Pest Control, and Water Efficiency in Soybean-Maize Intercropping in Different Climates","display_name":"Improving Light Use, Pest Control, and Water Efficiency in Soybean-Maize Intercropping in Different Climates","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203830171","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10444356/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10444356/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014965273","display_name":"Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-4200","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8506-4200"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151924","display_name":"Field Crops Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04dn01t72","country_code":"VN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165448","display_name":"Agricultural Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05hcacp57","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}],"countries":["EG","VN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tamer Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924","https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049952562","display_name":"Sherif Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-205X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2399-205X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151924","display_name":"Field Crops Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04dn01t72","country_code":"VN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165448","display_name":"Agricultural Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05hcacp57","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}],"countries":["EG","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924","https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060905321","display_name":"Andrzej Chmiela","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-0923","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0833-0923"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108773","display_name":"Industrial Development Agency JSC (Poland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01tevac66","country_code":"PL","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108773"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrzej Chmiela","raw_affiliation_strings":["Industrial Development Agency JSC, IDA Branch Office in Katowice"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Industrial Development Agency JSC, IDA Branch Office in Katowice","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108773"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091753313","display_name":"Amr S. Shams","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151924","display_name":"Field Crops Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04dn01t72","country_code":"VN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165448","display_name":"Agricultural Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05hcacp57","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}],"countries":["EG","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amr Saad Shams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924","https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068438636","display_name":"Eman Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-7238","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2277-7238"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210151924","display_name":"Field Crops Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04dn01t72","country_code":"VN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165448","display_name":"Agricultural Research Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05hcacp57","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}],"countries":["EG","VN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Ibrahim Abdel-Wahab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924","https://openalex.org/I4210165448"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014965273"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210151924","https://openalex.org/I4210165448"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12436","display_name":"Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12436","display_name":"Agronomic Practices and Intercropping Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1102","display_name":"Agronomy and Crop Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13009","display_name":"Agroforestry and silvopastoral systems","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1107","display_name":"Forestry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12058","display_name":"Allelopathy and phytotoxic interactions","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize-soybean-intercropping","display_name":"maize-soybean intercropping","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/light-use-efficiency","display_name":"light use efficiency","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/land-equivalent-ratio","display_name":"land equivalent ratio","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pest-suppression","display_name":"pest suppression","score":0.8299999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aphids","display_name":"aphids","score":0.8140000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soybean-mosaic-virus","display_name":"soybean mosaic virus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-use-efficiency","display_name":"water use efficiency","score":0.8429999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-environment-interaction","display_name":"gene-environment interaction","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microclimate-modification","display_name":"microclimate modification","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-intensification","display_name":"sustainable intensification","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integrated-pest-management","display_name":"integrated pest management","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mediterranean-climate","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/middle-east-and-north-africa","display_name":"Middle East and North Africa","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/yield-prediction","display_name":"yield prediction","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781208722","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853859","display_name":"Intercropping","level":2,"score":0.8011999726295471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32957820","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215108","display_name":"Microclimate","level":2,"score":0.6820999979972839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22508944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q568174","display_name":"PEST analysis","level":2,"score":0.6146000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167466","display_name":"Temperate climate","level":2,"score":0.5468999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.5393999814987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.4814000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13558536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785116","display_name":"Cropping","level":3,"score":0.4553000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776325102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551340","display_name":"Water-use efficiency","level":3,"score":0.4528999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123963621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525309","display_name":"Integrated pest management","level":2,"score":0.4505999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3946000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66204764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416","display_name":"Sustainability","level":2,"score":0.38449999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C549605437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1229911","display_name":"Food security","level":3,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88199923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q627371","display_name":"Food processing","level":2,"score":0.3693000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128383755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3816336","display_name":"Agricultural productivity","level":3,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.32580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4646841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13996","display_name":"Mediterranean climate","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54924851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751054","display_name":"Sustainable agriculture","level":3,"score":0.3118000030517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149207113","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26534","display_name":"Water use","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68701300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2739133","display_name":"Polyculture","level":4,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88463610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118","display_name":"Agricultural engineering","level":1,"score":0.29030001163482666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126343540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q889514","display_name":"Crop yield","level":2,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4988496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1135221","display_name":"Frost (temperature)","level":2,"score":0.28049999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778348673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302","display_name":"Production (economics)","level":2,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26019999384880066}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10444356/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10444356/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10444356/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","score":1.0,"display_name":"Zero hunger"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203830171.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203830171.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990217180","https://openalex.org/W2004559759","https://openalex.org/W2019458737","https://openalex.org/W2020083063","https://openalex.org/W2024341641","https://openalex.org/W2043294030","https://openalex.org/W2053997328","https://openalex.org/W2056816058","https://openalex.org/W2080584583","https://openalex.org/W2134253029","https://openalex.org/W2174099910","https://openalex.org/W2586288136","https://openalex.org/W2606511507","https://openalex.org/W2788126000","https://openalex.org/W2811241376","https://openalex.org/W3046965521","https://openalex.org/W3048619951","https://openalex.org/W3096262680","https://openalex.org/W3121562589","https://openalex.org/W3159457848","https://openalex.org/W3162877622","https://openalex.org/W4205369111","https://openalex.org/W4206792765","https://openalex.org/W4220758073","https://openalex.org/W4282920032","https://openalex.org/W4297521425","https://openalex.org/W4312054921","https://openalex.org/W4380991238","https://openalex.org/W4380995227","https://openalex.org/W4386332544","https://openalex.org/W4387124162","https://openalex.org/W4387334897","https://openalex.org/W4392198372","https://openalex.org/W4394604437","https://openalex.org/W4396887424","https://openalex.org/W4400683722","https://openalex.org/W4401526918","https://openalex.org/W4404872062","https://openalex.org/W4405737496","https://openalex.org/W4408273671","https://openalex.org/W4408312549","https://openalex.org/W4409108764","https://openalex.org/W4409290500","https://openalex.org/W4414501697","https://openalex.org/W4414533524","https://openalex.org/W4415813148","https://openalex.org/W4417295423","https://openalex.org/W7117727555","https://openalex.org/W7125514306","https://openalex.org/W7131125377","https://openalex.org/W7131278192","https://openalex.org/W7138915619","https://openalex.org/W7160868576","https://openalex.org/W7161537964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409945220","https://openalex.org/W7133497435","https://openalex.org/W7135455196","https://openalex.org/W7163549937","https://openalex.org/W7117727555","https://openalex.org/W7124434291","https://openalex.org/W6990762870","https://openalex.org/W7164920397","https://openalex.org/W7154031214","https://openalex.org/W7201873284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"The":[2],"article":[3],"draws":[4],"attention":[5],"to":[6,24,75,217,227,236],"the":[7,18,32,61,65,95],"growing":[8],"difficulties":[9],"facing":[10],"agriculture":[11],"in":[12,222],"water-scarce":[13,223],"and":[14,20,27,52,81,110,117,130,140,159,175,213],"climate-affected":[15],"regions":[16],"like":[17,41],"Mediterranean":[19,174],"MENA.":[21],"In":[22],"order":[23],"improve":[25],"production":[26,221],"save":[28],"resources,":[29],"it":[30],"highlights":[31],"significance":[33],"of":[34,67],"sustainable":[35,58,219],"intensification":[36],"through":[37,191],"diverse":[38],"cropping":[39],"systems":[40],"cereal-legume":[42],"intercropping.":[43],"With":[44,225],"an":[45],"emphasis":[46],"on":[47,64],"genotype":[48,208],"\u00d7":[49],"environment":[50],"interactions":[51],"microclimate":[53,192],"modifications":[54],"that":[55],"can":[56],"support":[57],"food":[59,220],"production,":[60],"study":[62,232],"focuses":[63],"potential":[66],"soybean-maize":[68,202],"intercropping,":[69],"especially":[70],"using":[71],"shade-tolerant":[72],"soybean":[73,118],"cultivars,":[74],"optimize":[76],"light":[77,103],"use,":[78],"pest":[79,131,186,215],"control,":[80],"water":[82,144,160],"efficiency":[83,105],"across":[84,204,241],"contrasting":[85,242],"climates.":[86],"Results":[87],"Mixed":[88],"intercropping":[89,203],"with":[90,143],"shade-adapted":[91],"Giza":[92],"111":[93],"achieved":[94],"highest":[96],"land":[97],"equivalent":[98],"ratio":[99],"(LER":[100],"=":[101,107,134],"1.73),":[102],"use":[104],"(LUE":[106],"1.89":[108],"g/MJ),":[109],"net":[111],"economic":[112],"returns":[113],"while":[114],"suppressing":[115],"aphids":[116],"mosaic":[119],"virus":[120],"incidence.":[121],"Pearson":[122],"correlations":[123],"revealed":[124],"strong":[125],"negative":[126],"relationships":[127,167],"between":[128,172],"LER":[129],"populations":[132],"(r":[133],"\u2212":[135],"0.914,":[136],"p":[137],"<":[138],"0.001)":[139],"positive":[141],"associations":[142],"consumption,":[145],"highlighting":[146],"arid-environment":[147],"trade-offs.":[148],"Multiple":[149],"regression":[150],"models":[151],"(R\u00b2=0.918\u20130.941)":[152],"successfully":[153],"predicted":[154],"yield":[155],"from":[156],"light,":[157],"pest,":[158],"variables.":[161],"Cross-climatic":[162],"validation":[163],"confirmed":[164],"conserved":[165],"light-productivity":[166],"but":[168],"divergent":[169],"water-productivity":[170],"dynamics":[171],"irrigated":[173],"rainfed":[176],"temperate":[177,229],"systems.":[178],"Shade-tolerant":[179],"cultivars":[180],"enhanced":[181],"associational":[182],"tolerance":[183],"mechanisms,":[184],"reducing":[185],"pressure":[187],"by":[188],">":[189],"40%":[190],"modification.":[193],"Conclusions":[194],"We":[195],"propose":[196],"a":[197,238],"scalable":[198],"conceptual":[199],"framework":[200],"for":[201],"MENA":[205],"regions,":[206],"emphasizing":[207],"selection,":[209],"spatial":[210],"arrangement":[211],"optimization,":[212],"integrated":[214],"management":[216],"promote":[218],"agro-ecosystems.":[224],"respect":[226],"Poland's":[228],"climate,":[230],"this":[231],"will":[233],"contribute":[234],"significantly":[235],"developing":[237],"model":[239],"development":[240],"climatic":[243],"zones.":[244]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-21T00:00:00"}