{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203796972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","title":"LIDAR Observation and Numerical Simulation of Low-Level Winds and Turbulence in Support of a Sandbox Project for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operation in Hong Kong","display_name":"LIDAR Observation and Numerical Simulation of Low-Level Winds and Turbulence in Support of a Sandbox Project for Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) Operation in Hong Kong","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203796972","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110847626","display_name":"Kai Kwong Lai","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104672","display_name":"Hong Kong Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/01bvxvq19","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai K. Lai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015320884","display_name":"Shuk Mei Tse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-6372","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-6372"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104672","display_name":"Hong Kong Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/01bvxvq19","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuk M. Tse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6498-6372","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025993083","display_name":"Pak Wai Chan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-0609","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-0609"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210104672","display_name":"Hong Kong Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/01bvxvq19","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pai W. Chan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-0609","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hong Kong Observatory, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025993083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210104672"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53324073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"8249","last_page":"8249"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.46070000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12125","display_name":"Aerospace and Aviation Technology","score":0.46070000529289246,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11371","display_name":"Wind and Air Flow Studies","score":0.43869999051094055,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10466","display_name":"Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations","score":0.07930000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doppler-lidar","display_name":"Doppler lidar","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-level-winds","display_name":"low-level winds","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-turbulence","display_name":"atmospheric turbulence","score":0.7770000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unmanned-aircraft-systems","display_name":"unmanned aircraft systems","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hong-kong-international-airport","display_name":"Hong Kong International Airport","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eddy-dissipation-rate","display_name":"eddy dissipation rate","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulent-kinetic-energy","display_name":"turbulent kinetic energy","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mesoscale-meteorological-model","display_name":"mesoscale meteorological model","score":0.8320000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"computational fluid dynamics","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-direction","display_name":"wind direction","score":0.3179999887943268}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.6234999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.613099992275238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15476950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854776","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","level":3,"score":0.5713000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.5382000207901001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5368000268936157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161840515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186131","display_name":"Terrain","level":2,"score":0.40059998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40382383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2399824","display_name":"Mesoscale meteorology","level":2,"score":0.3869999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121448008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755722","display_name":"Large eddy simulation","level":3,"score":0.36039999127388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.34279999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.32179999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.31790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135558025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027878","display_name":"Wind shear","level":3,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48939323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q294879","display_name":"Wake","level":2,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135402231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898440","display_name":"Dissipation","level":2,"score":0.29170000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.2896000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13393347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8424","display_name":"Aerodynamics","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86338904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268","display_name":"Planetary boundary layer","level":3,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167981075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2667186","display_name":"Sandbox (software development)","level":2,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145690102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2441902","display_name":"Wind engineering","level":2,"score":0.25600001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23379533","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1099481","display_name":"Clear-air turbulence","level":3,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:efd1d3a40c474e5b9c79a1d779dbde8a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/efd1d3a40c474e5b9c79a1d779dbde8a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 8249 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168249","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168249","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1607867942","https://openalex.org/W1966536410","https://openalex.org/W1996824184","https://openalex.org/W2040846742","https://openalex.org/W4293700596","https://openalex.org/W4327571681","https://openalex.org/W4391328348","https://openalex.org/W4399801535","https://openalex.org/W4405580298","https://openalex.org/W4408188879","https://openalex.org/W4417157347","https://openalex.org/W7124836744","https://openalex.org/W7137952427","https://openalex.org/W7160166625","https://openalex.org/W7163158481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2138387648","https://openalex.org/W7163158481","https://openalex.org/W7124836744","https://openalex.org/W2342463300","https://openalex.org/W4399449826","https://openalex.org/W7165976154","https://openalex.org/W2004656188","https://openalex.org/W1988944103","https://openalex.org/W4320929423","https://openalex.org/W2001187030"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Doppler":[0],"Light":[1],"Detection":[2],"and":[3,7,24,85,120,127,153,165,181,193,232,251],"Ranging":[4],"(LIDAR)":[5],"systems":[6],"a":[8,65,93],"mesoscale":[9],"meteorological":[10,54,277],"model":[11],"coupled":[12],"with":[13,92,135,186],"computational":[14],"fluid":[15],"dynamics":[16],"(CFD)":[17],"for":[18,30,49,56,174,178,184,215,240],"the":[19,31,39,50,57,78,100,125,132,136,145,201,205,236,241,254,271],"monitoring":[20],"of":[21,52,59,81,124,171,190,204,229,238,257,273],"low-level":[22,109,230],"wind":[23,107,114,126,161,163,175,179],"turbulence":[25,110,128,233],"have":[26],"been":[27],"extensively":[28],"applied":[29],"Hong":[32,43,69,82],"Kong":[33,44,83],"International":[34],"Airport.":[35],"This":[36],"study":[37],"represents":[38],"first":[40],"application":[41],"in":[42,64,68,96,103,200,275],"to":[45,143,212,221,225,234,265,268],"apply":[46],"such":[47],"techniques":[48],"exploration":[51],"providing":[53],"support":[55,235],"operation":[58,237],"Unmanned":[60],"Aircraft":[61],"Systems":[62],"(UASs)":[63],"sandbox":[66],"project":[67],"Kong.":[70],"The":[71],"flight":[72],"route":[73],"under":[74,243],"consideration":[75],"is":[76,208,219],"between":[77,151],"western":[79],"coast":[80],"Island":[84],"an":[86],"outlying":[87],"island":[88],"called":[89],"Lamma":[90],"Island,":[91],"sea":[94],"channel":[95],"between.":[97],"Based":[98],"on":[99],"LIDAR":[101],"observations":[102],"three":[104],"different":[105],"prevailing":[106],"directions,":[108],"may":[111],"arise":[112],"from":[113],"flow":[115],"disruptions":[116],"by":[117],"natural":[118],"terrain":[119],"human-made":[121],"buildings.":[122],"Simulations":[123],"are":[129],"attempted":[130],"using":[131],"GPU-based":[133],"FastEddy,":[134],"turbulent":[137],"kinetic":[138],"energy":[139],"equation":[140],"being":[141],"used":[142],"output":[144],"eddy":[146],"dissipation":[147],"rate":[148],"(EDR).":[149],"Comparisons":[150],"observed":[152],"simulated":[154],"fields":[155],"showed":[156],"broadly":[157],"consistent":[158],"patterns":[159],"across":[160],"speed,":[162,176],"direction,":[164,180],"EDR.":[166,216],"Quantitative":[167],"validation":[168],"yielded":[169],"RMSE":[170],"1.35":[172],"m/s":[173],"28.4\u00b0":[177],"0.032":[182],"m2/s2":[183],"EDR,":[185],"corresponding":[187],"R2":[188],"values":[189],"0.72,":[191],"0.48,":[192],"0.07,":[194],"respectively.":[195],"However,":[196],"point-to-point":[197],"comparison":[198],"as":[199],"scatter":[202],"plot":[203],"two":[206],"datasets":[207],"still":[209],"challenging,":[210],"due":[211],"low":[213],"correlation":[214],"Nonetheless,":[217],"FastEddy":[218,274],"found":[220],"shed":[222],"preliminary":[223,250],"insights":[224],"generate":[226],"reasonable":[227],"simulations":[228],"winds":[231],"UASs":[239],"cases":[242,262],"study.":[244],"These":[245],"findings":[246],"should":[247],"be":[248,266],"considered":[249],"exploratory":[252],"given":[253],"limited":[255],"number":[256],"case":[258],"studies":[259],"analyzed.":[260],"More":[261],"would":[263],"need":[264],"studied":[267],"find":[269],"out":[270],"performance":[272],"other":[276],"conditions.":[278]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}