{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203790708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","title":"Development of a Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Monitoring of Anesthesia Depth and Its Clinical Validation","display_name":"Development of a Deep Learning Model for Real-Time Monitoring of Anesthesia Depth and Its Clinical Validation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203790708","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075"},"language":"ng","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijhisi.419075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","pdf_url":"https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=419075&isxn=9798337386386","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139009114","display_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","issn_l":"1555-3396","issn":["1555-3396","1555-340X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=419075&isxn=9798337386386","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056150785","display_name":"Songhai Yu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songhai Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Second Medical University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Second Medical University, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147626493","display_name":"Qian Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018397418","display_name":"Yuhuangding Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05vawe413","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147612531","display_name":"Zhenlan Zhang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018397418","display_name":"Yuhuangding Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05vawe413","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenlan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147496897","display_name":"Yanchen Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanchen Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shandong Second Medical University, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shandong Second Medical University, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101784995","display_name":"Yonggang Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9367-4700","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9367-4700","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-9075"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018397418","display_name":"Yuhuangding Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05vawe413","country_code":"CN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonggang Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9367-4700","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3018397418"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"21","issue":"1","first_page":"1","last_page":"22"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10436","display_name":"Anesthesia and Sedative Agents","score":0.9707000255584717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.008200000040233135,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depth-of-anesthesia-monitoring","display_name":"depth of anesthesia monitoring","score":0.9350000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-monitoring","display_name":"real-time monitoring","score":0.6389999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intraoperative-awareness","display_name":"intraoperative awareness","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/temporal-convolutional-network","display_name":"temporal convolutional network","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attention-based-aggregation","display_name":"attention-based aggregation","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uncertainty-estimation","display_name":"uncertainty estimation","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artifact-robustness","display_name":"artifact robustness","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/streaming-inference","display_name":"streaming inference","score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpatient-variability","display_name":"interpatient variability","score":0.6850000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"EEG","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bispectral-index","display_name":"bispectral index","score":0.9039999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7688999772071838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6819000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6259999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5508999824523926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779010991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2720909","display_name":"Artifact (error)","level":2,"score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.4034000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102392041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592860","display_name":"Sliding window protocol","level":3,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.3197999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779753318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160796","display_name":"Delirium","level":2,"score":0.30559998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781097354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4918396","display_name":"Bispectral index","level":3,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158600405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5054566","display_name":"Causal inference","level":2,"score":0.2824999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.26420000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46743427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1341685","display_name":"Inference engine","level":3,"score":0.2565000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijhisi.419075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","pdf_url":"https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=419075&isxn=9798337386386","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139009114","display_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","issn_l":"1555-3396","issn":["1555-3396","1555-340X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.4018/ijhisi.419075","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4018/ijhisi.419075","pdf_url":"https://www.igi-global.com/ViewTitle.aspx?TitleId=419075&isxn=9798337386386","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S139009114","display_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","issn_l":"1555-3396","issn":["1555-3396","1555-340X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-c","cwts-core","doyens","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320424","host_organization_name":"IGI Global","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320424"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IGI Global"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203790708.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203790708.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988881714","https://openalex.org/W1991170684","https://openalex.org/W2002996884","https://openalex.org/W2937971209","https://openalex.org/W2965638497","https://openalex.org/W3080257085","https://openalex.org/W3129166444","https://openalex.org/W3137355082","https://openalex.org/W3156402977","https://openalex.org/W3157860990","https://openalex.org/W4213122151","https://openalex.org/W4281878921","https://openalex.org/W4285818475","https://openalex.org/W4288052827","https://openalex.org/W4291824936","https://openalex.org/W4316369070","https://openalex.org/W4323044332","https://openalex.org/W4323350280","https://openalex.org/W4385834542","https://openalex.org/W4388419491","https://openalex.org/W4393931207","https://openalex.org/W4399491519","https://openalex.org/W4401337977","https://openalex.org/W4402619867","https://openalex.org/W4403319253","https://openalex.org/W4404572757","https://openalex.org/W4408153995","https://openalex.org/W4409268301","https://openalex.org/W4414436755","https://openalex.org/W4416294512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130713971","https://openalex.org/W7160587305","https://openalex.org/W4404572757","https://openalex.org/W4210539784","https://openalex.org/W3030994757","https://openalex.org/W7213974891","https://openalex.org/W7165911115","https://openalex.org/W4292070480","https://openalex.org/W4415741879","https://openalex.org/W4407614636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"anesthesia":[1,106],"depth":[2,107],"monitoring":[3],"is":[4],"essential":[5],"to":[6,17,123],"mitigate":[7],"awareness":[8],"and":[9,20,47,66,75,85,96,120,126],"over-hypnosis":[10],"risks,":[11],"yet":[12],"most":[13],"indices":[14],"are":[15],"prone":[16],"artifact":[18],"sensitivity":[19],"inter-patient":[21],"variation.":[22],"This":[23,103],"study":[24,61],"developed":[25],"a":[26,36],"causal":[27],"deep":[28],"learning":[29],"pipeline":[30],"for":[31,69],"streaming":[32,100],"physiological":[33],"windows,":[34],"including":[35],"temporal":[37,42],"convolutional":[38,86],"neural":[39,87],"network":[40],"encoder,":[41],"dependency":[43],"module,":[44],"attention-based":[45],"aggregation,":[46],"an":[48],"optional":[49],"uncertainty":[50],"head.":[51],"Using":[52],"neuro":[53],"fatigue":[54],"sensor":[55],"data":[56],"as":[57],"proxy":[58],"benchmark,":[59],"this":[60],"conducted":[62],"subject-wise":[63],"splits,":[64],"regression/classification,":[65],"robustness":[67],"tests":[68],"artifacts/windowing,":[70],"plus":[71],"multiple":[72],"ablation":[73],"studies":[74],"stability":[76],"assessments":[77],"under":[78],"continuous":[79],"load.":[80],"The":[81],"model":[82],"outperformed":[83],"feature-based":[84],"network-only":[88],"baselines":[89],"in":[90],"accuracy,":[91],"had":[92],"lower":[93],"inter-subject":[94],"variation,":[95],"showed":[97],"strong":[98],"low-latency":[99],"inference":[101],"performance.":[102],"confirms":[104],"real-time":[105],"estimation":[108],"feasibility,":[109],"advocating":[110],"future":[111],"operating":[112],"room":[113],"pilots":[114],"with":[115],"synchronized":[116],"electroencephalography,":[117],"bispectral":[118],"index,":[119],"event":[121],"annotations":[122],"verify":[124],"agreement":[125],"responsiveness.":[127]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}