{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203790110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","title":"Heat-related illness during Hajj mass gatherings: a systematic review of burden, risk factors, surveillance approaches, and mitigation strategies","display_name":"Heat-related illness during Hajj mass gatherings: a systematic review of burden, risk factors, surveillance approaches, and mitigation strategies","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203790110","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1396/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1396/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144013665","display_name":"Hassan Zaher M Alqarni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210161535","display_name":"Asir Central Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/056p2ex35","country_code":"SA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210161535"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Zaher M Alqarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Province Aseer Central Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Province Aseer Central Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210161535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047731883","display_name":"Hazim Saeed Raffaa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hazim Saeed Raffaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144040122","display_name":"Roqayya Mohammed Alhayyani Asiri","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roqayya Mohammed Alhayyani Asiri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143997515","display_name":"Nouf Abdulrahman S Alqahtani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nouf Abdulrahman S Alqahtani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024071188","display_name":"Sultan Abdullah Albqami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7404-9653","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7404-9653"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sultan Abdullah Albqami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Region Aseer Health Cluster","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143993834","display_name":"Afnan Hezam S Alaklabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Afnan Hezam S Alaklabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144026778","display_name":"Noha Megaad N Alghamdi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noha Megaad N Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5118830841","display_name":"Norah Nasser A Alshahrani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norah Nasser A. Alshahrani","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144012539","display_name":"Hajar Mohammed S Alsaluli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6003-1587","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6003-1587"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hajar Mohammed S Alsaluli","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6003-1587","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128835232","display_name":"Abdulaziz Mesheil M Alalyani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82952536","display_name":"King Khalid University","ror":"https://ror.org/052kwzs30","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdulaziz Mesheil M Alalyani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abha Aseer Province King Khalid University College of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abha Aseer Province King Khalid University College of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82952536"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144039040","display_name":"Norah Rajeh M Alaklabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Norah Rajeh M Alaklabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5143994760","display_name":"Jawaher Rajeh M Alaklabi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jawaher Rajeh M Alaklabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147523108","display_name":"Jalal Mahfouz Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6751-4852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6751-4852"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jalal Mahfouz Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Medicine Sana\u2019a Dar Al-Salam International University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6751-4852","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Medicine Sana\u2019a Dar Al-Salam International University","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5144057830","display_name":"Saad Aeydh A Alkarni","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136004","display_name":"University of Bisha","ror":"https://ror.org/040548g92","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saad Aeydh A Alkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Medicine Bishah Aseer Province University of Bisha","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"apc_paid":{"value":1350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37271884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":null,"first_page":"1396","last_page":"1396"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11109","display_name":"Thermoregulation and physiological responses","score":0.7060999870300293,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology (medical)"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12402","display_name":"Travel-related health issues","score":0.27950000762939453,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11244","display_name":"Climate Change and Health Impacts","score":0.012299999594688416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-related-illness","display_name":"heat-related illness","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hajj","display_name":"Hajj","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mass-gatherings","display_name":"mass gatherings","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-stroke","display_name":"heatstroke","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-exhaustion","display_name":"heat exhaustion","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heatstroke-prevention","display_name":"heatstroke prevention","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acclimatization","display_name":"acclimatization","score":0.7160000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dehydration","display_name":"dehydration","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crowding","display_name":"crowding","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sun-protection","display_name":"sun protection","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooling-infrastructure","display_name":"cooling infrastructure","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pilgrim-safety","display_name":"pilgrim safety","score":0.6320000290870667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8554999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781009399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234915","display_name":"Hajj","level":3,"score":0.7832000255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776433176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1191065","display_name":"Heat illness","level":2,"score":0.5953999757766724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5717999935150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27415008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7256382","display_name":"Psychological intervention","level":2,"score":0.551800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5351999998092651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780356881","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6784043","display_name":"Mass gathering","level":3,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776297399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12643772","display_name":"Heat exhaustion","level":3,"score":0.4934999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.46059998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.4487999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.43149998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.429500013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.4250999987125397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.41920000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994071780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019180","display_name":"Warning signs","level":2,"score":0.36149999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776361769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q821775","display_name":"Public health surveillance","level":3,"score":0.3531999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3325999975204468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993220731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215864","display_name":"Heat wave","level":3,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.30480000376701355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50440223","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1475848","display_name":"Risk factor","level":2,"score":0.2671999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992558043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30671664","display_name":"Health surveillance","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.25540000200271606}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1396/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.188197.1","pdf_url":"https://f1000research.com/articles/15-1396/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210239046","display_name":"F1000Research","issn_l":"2046-1402","issn":["2046-1402"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320357","host_organization_name":"Faculty of 1000","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320357","https://openalex.org/P4310320547"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Faculty of 1000","Taylor & Francis"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"F1000Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic Review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203790110.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203790110.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987319584","https://openalex.org/W2035119877","https://openalex.org/W2036165636","https://openalex.org/W2084979499","https://openalex.org/W2096445960","https://openalex.org/W2563996576","https://openalex.org/W2609332167","https://openalex.org/W2790130257","https://openalex.org/W2939237589","https://openalex.org/W2945216551","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3120836810","https://openalex.org/W3181205698","https://openalex.org/W3192747867","https://openalex.org/W3208054854","https://openalex.org/W4383823379","https://openalex.org/W4391725249","https://openalex.org/W4392582044","https://openalex.org/W4392975947","https://openalex.org/W4399591596","https://openalex.org/W4400334095","https://openalex.org/W4402781764","https://openalex.org/W4403587259","https://openalex.org/W4407249668","https://openalex.org/W4408345411","https://openalex.org/W4411924970","https://openalex.org/W4416181901","https://openalex.org/W7117990700","https://openalex.org/W7171871230"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208054854","https://openalex.org/W7223171752","https://openalex.org/W4230982944","https://openalex.org/W7153620905","https://openalex.org/W7161397397","https://openalex.org/W2973128464","https://openalex.org/W3120836810","https://openalex.org/W4391725249","https://openalex.org/W4392582044","https://openalex.org/W7151924737"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background":[0],"Heat-related":[1],"illness":[2],"(HRI)":[3],"is":[4,237],"a":[5,220],"major":[6],"public":[7],"health":[8],"challenge":[9],"during":[10,38,142,225],"the":[11,16,26,94,109,194],"Hajj":[12,72],"pilgrimage,":[13],"one":[14],"of":[15,54,119,162,178,193],"world\u2019s":[17],"largest":[18],"annual":[19],"mass":[20],"gatherings.":[21],"This":[22,41],"study":[23],"systematically":[24],"reviewed":[25],"burden,":[27,81],"risk":[28,82,155],"factors,":[29,83],"surveillance":[30,84,182,228],"approaches,":[31,183],"and":[32,56,86,127,171,191,204,215,233],"mitigation":[33,231],"strategies":[34],"related":[35],"to":[36,47,63,117,137,239],"HRI":[37,80,218],"Hajj.":[39,226],"Methods":[40],"systematic":[42],"review":[43],"was":[44,91,108,128],"conducted":[45,100],"according":[46],"PRISMA":[48],"2020":[49],"guidelines.":[50],"PubMed,":[51],"Scopus,":[52],"Web":[53],"Science,":[55],"Google":[57],"Scholar":[58],"were":[59,74,77,104,207],"searched":[60],"from":[61],"inception":[62],"February":[64],"2026.":[65],"Observational":[66],"studies":[67,99,179],"reporting":[68],"heat-related":[69],"outcomes":[70],"among":[71],"pilgrims":[73],"included.":[75,105],"Data":[76],"extracted":[78],"on":[79],"systems,":[85,229],"preventive":[87,235],"measures.":[88],"Study":[89],"quality":[90],"assessed":[92],"using":[93],"Newcastle\u2013Ottawa":[95],"Scale.":[96],"Results":[97],"Twelve":[98],"in":[101,211],"Saudi":[102],"Arabia":[103],"Heat":[106],"exhaustion":[107],"most":[110],"commonly":[111],"reported":[112,180],"condition,":[113],"accounting":[114],"for":[115,125],"up":[116,136],"71.5%":[118],"cases,":[120],"whereas":[121],"heat":[122,139,144,212],"stroke":[123,140,213],"accounted":[124],"28.5\u201329%":[126],"associated":[129,208],"with":[130,146,209],"substantial":[131],"mortality.":[132,216],"Historical":[133],"reports":[134],"documented":[135],"1,012":[138],"deaths":[141],"extreme":[143],"seasons,":[145],"incidence":[147,214],"rates":[148],"reaching":[149],"251":[150],"per":[151],"100,000":[152],"pilgrims.":[153],"Major":[154],"factors":[156],"included":[157],"older":[158],"age,":[159],"comorbidities,":[160],"lack":[161],"acclimatization,":[163],"high":[164],"ambient":[165],"temperatures,":[166],"crowding,":[167],"dehydration,":[168],"prolonged":[169],"walking,":[170],"inadequate":[172],"sun":[173],"protection.":[174],"A":[175],"limited":[176],"number":[177],"advanced":[181],"including":[184],"machine-learning-based":[185],"diagnostic":[186],"modeling,":[187],"climate-linked":[188],"predictive":[189],"models,":[190],"implementation":[192],"Health":[195],"Early":[196],"Warning":[197],"System":[198],"(HEWS).":[199],"Cooling":[200],"infrastructure,":[201],"shaded":[202],"pathways,":[203],"air-conditioned":[205],"tents":[206],"reductions":[210],"Conclusion":[217],"remains":[219],"significant":[221],"yet":[222],"preventable":[223],"threat":[224],"Strengthening":[227],"climate-adaptive":[230],"strategies,":[232],"targeted":[234],"interventions":[236],"essential":[238],"improve":[240],"pilgrim":[241],"safety.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}
