{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203786348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","title":"Enabling a professional learning community in Malaysian rural primary schools: the role of collegial trust","display_name":"Enabling a professional learning community in Malaysian rural primary schools: the role of collegial trust","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203786348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7203786348"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050674986","display_name":"Lokman Mohd Tahir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-9713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8440-9713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lokman Mohd Tahir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102025628","display_name":"Mohammed Borhandden Musah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-8348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-8348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141059654","display_name":"Emirates College for Advanced Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05wweqh04","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Borhandden Musah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Policy and Leadership Division, Emirates College for Advanced Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Policy and Leadership Division, Emirates College for Advanced Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049276579","display_name":"Roslizam Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4789-9423","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4789-9423"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roslizam Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147602761","display_name":"Muhammad Syukri bin Sapuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Syukri bin Sapuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Studies and Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040961088","display_name":"Mohd Fadzli Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-0713","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0507-0713"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4576418","display_name":"University of Technology Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Fadzli bin Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Advanced Learning Technology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Advanced Learning Technology, Faculty of Education Sciences and Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4576418"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088003007","display_name":"Asma Khaleel Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-7618","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1028-7618","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8009-5702"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I29891158","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asma Khaleel Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Educational Leadership, Sharjah Education Academy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Educational Leadership, Sharjah Education Academy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I29891158"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066088826","display_name":"Abdelaziz Mohamed Hussien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-4785","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3937-4785"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141059654","display_name":"Emirates College for Advanced Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05wweqh04","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdelaziz M. Hussien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Language, Cognition, and Growth, Emirates College for Advanced Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Language, Cognition, and Growth, Emirates College for Advanced Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147588452","display_name":"Shimaa Tameem","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141059654","display_name":"Emirates College for Advanced Education","ror":"https://ror.org/05wweqh04","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shimaa Tameem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Language, Cognition, and Growth, Emirates College for Advanced Education"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Language, Cognition, and Growth, Emirates College for Advanced Education","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102025628"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141059654"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10008","display_name":"Teacher Education and Leadership Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10008","display_name":"Teacher Education and Leadership Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14033","display_name":"Education in Rural Contexts","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12952","display_name":"School Leadership and Teacher Performance","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-learning-communities","display_name":"professional learning communities","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-primary-schools","display_name":"rural primary schools","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-collaboration","display_name":"teacher collaboration","score":0.9559999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/teacher-education","display_name":"teacher professional development","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensions-of-trust","display_name":"trust dimensions","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"reliability","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competence","display_name":"competence","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/openness","display_name":"openness","score":0.9810000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84976871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2015673","display_name":"Openness to experience","level":2,"score":0.7764000296592712},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184827183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7248082","display_name":"Professional learning community","level":3,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4593999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43540000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183380357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776598","display_name":"Cluster sampling","level":3,"score":0.3763999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51067260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828812","display_name":"Professional development","level":2,"score":0.3276999890804291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984224174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25324239","display_name":"Survey instrument","level":2,"score":0.32659998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129047720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175185","display_name":"Rural area","level":2,"score":0.3077000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39896193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380344","display_name":"Descriptive statistics","level":2,"score":0.30000001192092896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10050518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q975085","display_name":"Primary education","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93678727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7380583","display_name":"Rural management","level":4,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.26930001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198477413","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7647069","display_name":"Survey data collection","level":2,"score":0.26260000467300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b8a7dd339f804ae09887878ca7c41aca","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b8a7dd339f804ae09887878ca7c41aca","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education, Vol 11 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/education/articles/10.3389/feduc.2026.1906655/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2596526815","display_name":"Frontiers in Education","issn_l":"2504-284X","issn":["2504-284X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.975600004196167}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8222519008","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FRGS/1/2023/SS02/UTM/02/11","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321709","display_name":"Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/05mcs2t73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323300","display_name":"Universiti Teknologi Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/026w31v75"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203786348.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203786348.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22624897","https://openalex.org/W154040611","https://openalex.org/W1469294081","https://openalex.org/W1560371066","https://openalex.org/W1596452301","https://openalex.org/W1991522297","https://openalex.org/W2008645436","https://openalex.org/W2050997545","https://openalex.org/W2059533167","https://openalex.org/W2061626555","https://openalex.org/W2066231403","https://openalex.org/W2071666535","https://openalex.org/W2076348289","https://openalex.org/W2095482449","https://openalex.org/W2098594975","https://openalex.org/W2101154570","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2130107499","https://openalex.org/W2130806539","https://openalex.org/W2155816938","https://openalex.org/W2173816826","https://openalex.org/W2200730678","https://openalex.org/W2223836523","https://openalex.org/W2301739638","https://openalex.org/W2327507879","https://openalex.org/W2399721234","https://openalex.org/W2414591779","https://openalex.org/W2466147577","https://openalex.org/W2508744759","https://openalex.org/W2528175722","https://openalex.org/W2551242095","https://openalex.org/W2591584917","https://openalex.org/W2607098463","https://openalex.org/W2731656940","https://openalex.org/W2890645786","https://openalex.org/W2949604937","https://openalex.org/W2965153383","https://openalex.org/W2972756003","https://openalex.org/W2987003098","https://openalex.org/W3014970504","https://openalex.org/W3015295878","https://openalex.org/W3021235741","https://openalex.org/W3027070190","https://openalex.org/W3027384405","https://openalex.org/W3129014504","https://openalex.org/W3135187029","https://openalex.org/W3159329340","https://openalex.org/W3166166250","https://openalex.org/W3175620321","https://openalex.org/W3199855367","https://openalex.org/W4206337437","https://openalex.org/W4231742890","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4289522603","https://openalex.org/W4295895041","https://openalex.org/W4307169705","https://openalex.org/W4322721761","https://openalex.org/W4361029573","https://openalex.org/W4381847960","https://openalex.org/W4382501312","https://openalex.org/W4402311564","https://openalex.org/W4402878321","https://openalex.org/W4412915775","https://openalex.org/W4417514009"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128818268","https://openalex.org/W3175620321","https://openalex.org/W6927338333","https://openalex.org/W2938450707","https://openalex.org/W3014970504","https://openalex.org/W4390967603","https://openalex.org/W7154906971","https://openalex.org/W2328261248","https://openalex.org/W6962800177"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,171],"study":[2,172,189,213],"examines":[3],"how":[4],"different":[5],"dimensions":[6,43,102,109,122],"of":[7,44,110,187,204],"collegial":[8,45,100,111,151],"trust":[9,46,101,112,152,180],"are":[10,27],"associated":[11],"with":[12],"teachers\u2019":[13,167],"engagement":[14],"in":[15,54,136,207],"Professional":[16],"Learning":[17],"Communities":[18],"(PLCs)":[19],"practices":[20,141,155],"within":[21],"rural":[22,83,114,127,137,208],"primary":[23,85],"schools.":[24,86,209],"Although":[25,146],"PLCs":[26],"widely":[28],"recognized":[29],"as":[30,48],"mechanisms":[31],"for":[32],"teacher":[33],"learning,":[34],"limited":[35],"attention":[36],"has":[37],"been":[38],"given":[39],"to":[40,69,96,142,165,222,231],"understanding":[41],"which":[42],"function":[47],"relational":[49],"resources":[50],"that":[51,123,179,191],"sustain":[52],"collaboration":[53],"geographically":[55],"isolated":[56],"and":[57,89,103,119,131,153,160,195],"resource-constrained":[58],"educational":[59],"contexts.":[60],"Methods":[61],"A":[62],"cross-sectional":[63],"correlational":[64],"survey":[65],"design":[66],"was":[67,156,214],"used":[68,220],"collect":[70],"data":[71],"from":[72],"310":[73],"teachers":[74,115,128,135,199],"selected":[75],"through":[76],"proportional":[77],"cluster":[78],"random":[79],"sampling":[80],"across":[81],"57":[82],"Malaysian":[84],"Descriptive":[87],"analyses":[88],"structural":[90],"equation":[91],"modelling":[92],"(SEM)":[93],"were":[94,116,124,129],"conducted":[95],"examine":[97],"relationships":[98],"between":[99,150,226],"PLC":[104,140,154,168,175,198,205],"practices.":[105],"Results":[106],"The":[107,121,185],"strongest":[108],"among":[113,126,197],"reliability,":[117,158,193],"competence,":[118,159,194],"openness.":[120],"weaker":[125],"benevolence":[130],"honesty.":[132],"In":[133],"general,":[134],"schools":[138],"implemented":[139],"a":[143],"moderate":[144],"extent.":[145],"the":[147,174,202,224],"overall":[148],"relationship":[149,225],"modest,":[157],"openness":[161,196],"contributed":[162],"more":[163],"strongly":[164],"explaining":[166],"engagement.":[169],"Implications":[170],"extends":[173],"literature":[176],"by":[177],"revealing":[178],"exists":[181],"along":[182],"multiple":[183],"dimensions.":[184],"findings":[186,217],"this":[188,212],"suggest":[190,232],"enhancing":[192],"could":[200],"improve":[201],"implementation":[203],"strategies":[206],"However,":[210],"because":[211],"cross-sectional,":[215],"these":[216,227],"should":[218],"be":[219],"only":[221],"describe":[223],"variables,":[228],"rather":[229],"than":[230],"causal":[233],"relationships.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}