{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203786009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","title":"Healthy Aging as Information Divergence in the Multiplex Brain","display_name":"Healthy Aging as Information Divergence in the Multiplex Brain","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203786009","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10408824/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10408824/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025997406","display_name":"Dipanjan Ray","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-3675","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6235-3675"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I347237974","display_name":"Ashoka University","ror":"https://ror.org/02j1xr113","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I347237974"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dipanjan Ray","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ashoka University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ashoka University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I347237974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101193968","display_name":"Debika Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2546-4165","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2546-4165","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3329-3845"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46130087","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Udaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/001xs0312","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46130087"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debika Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Management Udaipur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Management Udaipur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46130087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088839359","display_name":"Lucina Q. Uddin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-8962","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-8962"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lucina Uddin","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2278-8962","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011603896","display_name":"Moumita Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-2950","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6548-2950"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46130087","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Udaipur","ror":"https://ror.org/001xs0312","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46130087"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moumita Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Management Udaipur"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Management Udaipur","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46130087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5025997406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I347237974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/healthy-aging","display_name":"healthy aging","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-connectome","display_name":"structural connectome","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-connectome","display_name":"functional connectome","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplex-networks","display_name":"multiplex networks","score":0.8569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-divergence","display_name":"information divergence","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jensen-shannon-divergence","display_name":"Jensen-Shannon divergence","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kullback-leibler-divergence","display_name":"Kullback-Leibler divergence","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/putamen","display_name":"putamen","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/globus-pallidus","display_name":"globus pallidus","score":0.9150000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caudate-nucleus","display_name":"caudate nucleus","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thalamus","display_name":"thalamus","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/limbic-system","display_name":"limbic system","score":0.7300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hippocampus","display_name":"hippocampus","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entorhinal-cortex","display_name":"entorhinal cortex","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-adaptation","display_name":"motor adaptation","score":0.621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegenerative-disease-detection","display_name":"neurodegenerative disease detection","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cam-can","display_name":"Cam-CAN","score":0.6190000176429749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.6459000110626221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017819807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332154","display_name":"Healthy aging","level":2,"score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45715564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1292103","display_name":"Connectome","level":3,"score":0.4205000102519989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3953999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.38920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131222","display_name":"Information theory","level":2,"score":0.36480000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778013878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q646150","display_name":"Grey matter","level":4,"score":0.3553999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780715579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2603645","display_name":"Entorhinal cortex","level":3,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.32670000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781188995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934982","display_name":"Multiplex","level":2,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96522737","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17148345","display_name":"Path integration","level":2,"score":0.326200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118403218","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43283","display_name":"Biological neural network","level":2,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993665655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Brain aging","level":3,"score":0.3188000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58693492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q551875","display_name":"Neuroimaging","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106301342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933","display_name":"Entropy (arrow of time)","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986811735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Cognitive aging","level":3,"score":0.3075000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.3061999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141516989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1182555","display_name":"Default mode network","level":3,"score":0.298799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779714222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q550934","display_name":"Putamen","level":2,"score":0.2946000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.2831999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777670902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q492038","display_name":"Human brain","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.2669000029563904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182049051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17147155","display_name":"Transfer entropy","level":3,"score":0.2623000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117045392","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4899215","display_name":"Betweenness centrality","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779144063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338924","display_name":"Amygdala","level":2,"score":0.25519999861717224}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10408824/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10408824/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10408824/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203786009.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203786009.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392230614","https://openalex.org/W4289523498","https://openalex.org/W2319564526","https://openalex.org/W2093597642","https://openalex.org/W2945926654","https://openalex.org/W4414552415","https://openalex.org/W2585855603","https://openalex.org/W4388464950","https://openalex.org/W2596976442","https://openalex.org/W2063435176"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Understanding":[1],"the":[2,5,14,34,38,50,59,67,85,146,153,159,181,196,207,248],"co-evolution":[3],"of":[4,37,52,78,107,162,252],"human":[6],"brain\u2019s":[7],"structural":[8,39,124],"scaffold":[9],"and":[10,29,41,90,97,157,187,200],"functional":[11,30,42,117,170],"traffic":[12],"across":[13,206],"adult":[15],"lifespan":[16],"remains":[17],"a":[18,62,75,103,112,133,176,210,227,237],"fundamental":[19,104],"challenge":[20],"in":[21,26,74,172,184],"neuroscience.":[22],"While":[23],"age-related":[24,163],"degradation":[25],"grey":[27],"matter":[28],"activation":[31],"is":[32,45,138],"well-documented,":[33],"joint":[35],"trajectory":[36],"(SC)":[40],"(FC)":[43],"connectomes":[44],"often":[46],"overlooked":[47],"due":[48],"to":[49,65,213,242],"lack":[51],"an":[53],"integrative":[54],"framework.":[55],"Here,":[56],"we":[57,101],"model":[58],"brain":[60],"as":[61,226],"multiplex":[63,240],"network":[64],"quantify":[66],"information-theoretic":[68],"interdependencies":[69],"between":[70],"these":[71],"two":[72],"layers":[73],"cross-sectional":[76],"cohort":[77],"589":[79],"healthy":[80,108,224],"individuals":[81],"(ages":[82],"18\u201388)":[83],"from":[84,121,247],"Cambridge":[86],"Centre":[87],"for":[88,180],"Ageing":[89],"Neuroscience":[91],"(Cam-CAN)":[92],"dataset.":[93],"Using":[94],"Jensen-Shannon":[95],"Divergence":[96],"relative":[98],"entropy":[99],"metrics,":[100],"identify":[102],"organizing":[105],"principle":[106],"aging":[109,225],"characterized":[110],"by:":[111],"progressive":[113],"information":[114],"divergence":[115],"where":[116],"dynamics":[118],"increasingly":[119],"\"untether\"":[120],"their":[122],"underlying":[123],"constraints.":[125],"Our":[126],"results":[127],"reveal":[128],"that":[129,190],"this":[130],"decoupling":[131],"follows":[132],"robust":[134],"linear":[135],"trajectory,":[136],"yet":[137],"highly":[139],"spatially":[140],"heterogeneous.":[141],"Meso-scale":[142],"community":[143],"analysis":[144],"using":[145],"Multiplex":[147],"Map":[148],"Equation":[149],"identifies":[150],"subcortical":[151,173,229],"hubs\u2014specifically":[152],"putamen,":[154],"pallidum,":[155],"caudate,":[156],"thalamus\u2014as":[158],"primary":[160],"epicenters":[161],"SC-FC":[164],"divergence.":[165],"This":[166],"topological":[167,250],"shift":[168],"toward":[169],"independence":[171],"''switchboards\"":[174],"provides":[175,236],"mechanistic":[177],"connectomic":[178],"signature":[179],"well-documented":[182],"decline":[183,246],"fluid":[185],"intelligence":[186],"motor":[188],"adaptation":[189],"accompanies":[191],"aging.":[192],"In":[193],"striking":[194],"contrast,":[195],"limbic":[197,232],"core":[198],"(hippocampus":[199],"entorhinal":[201],"cortex)":[202],"exhibits":[203],"remarkable":[204],"stability":[205],"lifespan,":[208],"suggesting":[209],"biological":[211],"imperative":[212],"preserve":[214],"high-fidelity":[215],"memory":[216],"circuits":[217],"amidst":[218],"global":[219],"communicative":[220],"rewiring.":[221],"By":[222],"framing":[223],"systematic":[228],"untethering":[230],"alongside":[231],"resilience,":[233],"our":[234],"work":[235],"powerful":[238],"new":[239],"baseline":[241],"distinguish":[243],"normative":[244],"cognitive":[245],"early":[249],"signals":[251],"neurodegenerative":[253],"disease.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}