{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203740716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","title":"ForestERW: a spatially explicit carbon dioxide removal model for practical enhanced rock weathering applications in United States forests","display_name":"ForestERW: a spatially explicit carbon dioxide removal model for practical enhanced rock weathering applications in United States forests","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203740716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213052","display_name":"Frontiers in Climate","issn_l":"2624-9553","issn":["2624-9553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052873998","display_name":"Todd C. McDonnell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-105X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5231-105X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Todd C. McDonnell","raw_affiliation_strings":["E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071226761","display_name":"Justin G. Coughlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-3064","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3882-3064"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Justin G. Coughlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"E&S Environmental Chemistry, Inc., Corvallis","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037327989","display_name":"Christopher M. Clark","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3475-9886","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3475-9886"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1302368450","display_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher M. Clark","raw_affiliation_strings":["Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1302368450"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140833332","display_name":"Lyla Taylor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-7452","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3406-7452"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91136226","display_name":"University of Sheffield","ror":"https://ror.org/05krs5044","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyla Taylor","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91136226"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067346298","display_name":"Charles T. Driscoll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-2890","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2692-2890"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I70983195","display_name":"Syracuse University","ror":"https://ror.org/025r5qe02","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charles T. Driscoll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I70983195"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052873998"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"apc_paid":{"value":2550,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3077},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.49045408,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.9818999767303467,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10967","display_name":"Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies","score":0.004999999888241291,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10004","display_name":"Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-rock-weathering","display_name":"enhanced rock weathering","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-dioxide-removal","display_name":"carbon dioxide removal","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forest-carbon-sequestration","display_name":"forest carbon sequestration","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree-growth","display_name":"tree growth","score":0.6340000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/life-cycle-assessment","display_name":"life cycle assessment","score":0.6399999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanistic-model","display_name":"mechanistic model","score":0.5619999766349792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.6980000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/united-states-forests","display_name":"United States forests","score":0.6990000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22884784","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15305550","display_name":"Carbon sequestration","level":3,"score":0.6782000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40724407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179177","display_name":"Weathering","level":2,"score":0.6739000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C530467964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1997","display_name":"Carbon dioxide","level":2,"score":0.5663999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202050865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35852","display_name":"Hectare","level":3,"score":0.5519000291824341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.5031999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132215390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461335","display_name":"Abiotic component","level":2,"score":0.45829999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76758496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191118","display_name":"Tonne","level":2,"score":0.4578999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195048187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468919","display_name":"Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere","level":3,"score":0.43950000405311584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6939412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167751","display_name":"Carbon cycle","level":3,"score":0.4194999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73935091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2249329","display_name":"Forest ecology","level":3,"score":0.4147000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C502990516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3395383","display_name":"Agricultural land","level":3,"score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47737302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336","display_name":"Greenhouse gas","level":2,"score":0.39809998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4792198","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165944","display_name":"Land use","level":2,"score":0.3871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.3865000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3366999924182892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.3190999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140205800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5860","display_name":"Carbon fibers","level":3,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65680412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3718755","display_name":"Terrestrial ecosystem","level":3,"score":0.302700012922287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1965285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8008","display_name":"Earth science","level":1,"score":0.2953000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780648208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001793","display_name":"Land cover","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56095865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2384419","display_name":"Afforestation","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118518473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451","display_name":"Agriculture","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.2800999879837036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149677717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5611523","display_name":"Carbon sink","level":3,"score":0.2757999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122690726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3348639","display_name":"Land use, land-use change and forestry","level":3,"score":0.26919999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159390177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9161265","display_name":"Soil science","level":1,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65440619","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177974","display_name":"Atmosphere (unit)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54286561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q397350","display_name":"Agroforestry","level":1,"score":0.26269999146461487}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213052","display_name":"Frontiers in Climate","issn_l":"2624-9553","issn":["2624-9553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.whiterose.ac.uk:244651","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/244651/1/fclim-8-1855001.pdf","pdf_url":"https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/id/eprint/244651/1/fclim-8-1855001.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400854","display_name":"White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I2800616092","host_organization_name":"White Rose University Consortium","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800616092"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:60d82dcf313643108a0dad5be2ef151e","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/60d82dcf313643108a0dad5be2ef151e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Climate, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2026.1855001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210213052","display_name":"Frontiers in Climate","issn_l":"2624-9553","issn":["2624-9553"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Climate","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":1.0},{"display_name":"Life on land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306107","display_name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03tns0030"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":97,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111079648","https://openalex.org/W1527101551","https://openalex.org/W1817453610","https://openalex.org/W1834239181","https://openalex.org/W1943630578","https://openalex.org/W1974443648","https://openalex.org/W1979355567","https://openalex.org/W1984601337","https://openalex.org/W1996007188","https://openalex.org/W1996574094","https://openalex.org/W2007687401","https://openalex.org/W2016662861","https://openalex.org/W2018921467","https://openalex.org/W2019792643","https://openalex.org/W2028787241","https://openalex.org/W2042553617","https://openalex.org/W2043646318","https://openalex.org/W2056352050","https://openalex.org/W2063635825","https://openalex.org/W2077393538","https://openalex.org/W2083991228","https://openalex.org/W2084337353","https://openalex.org/W2091657170","https://openalex.org/W2096398558","https://openalex.org/W2101426854","https://openalex.org/W2111568866","https://openalex.org/W2116279112","https://openalex.org/W2133304304","https://openalex.org/W2133625621","https://openalex.org/W2137407535","https://openalex.org/W2142692102","https://openalex.org/W2146034720","https://openalex.org/W2148772131","https://openalex.org/W2149637596","https://openalex.org/W2154801777","https://openalex.org/W2166631779","https://openalex.org/W2195292903","https://openalex.org/W2411334469","https://openalex.org/W2592694401","https://openalex.org/W2605254406","https://openalex.org/W2605333753","https://openalex.org/W2625135129","https://openalex.org/W2695556747","https://openalex.org/W2734170227","https://openalex.org/W2766136866","https://openalex.org/W2786586833","https://openalex.org/W2788340823","https://openalex.org/W2790468288","https://openalex.org/W2791401146","https://openalex.org/W2792093398","https://openalex.org/W2795196071","https://openalex.org/W2804406438","https://openalex.org/W2884986668","https://openalex.org/W2915912430","https://openalex.org/W2936192192","https://openalex.org/W2980239620","https://openalex.org/W3004928888","https://openalex.org/W3023596704","https://openalex.org/W3041773269","https://openalex.org/W3087821360","https://openalex.org/W3154065196","https://openalex.org/W3166420679","https://openalex.org/W3173471673","https://openalex.org/W3192230436","https://openalex.org/W4205376071","https://openalex.org/W4220745068","https://openalex.org/W4245679693","https://openalex.org/W4252321909","https://openalex.org/W4304187364","https://openalex.org/W4307027570","https://openalex.org/W4311457544","https://openalex.org/W4312084490","https://openalex.org/W4327629207","https://openalex.org/W4360604513","https://openalex.org/W4362595994","https://openalex.org/W4385898073","https://openalex.org/W4388659071","https://openalex.org/W4391168808","https://openalex.org/W4392028265","https://openalex.org/W4399245414","https://openalex.org/W4400282991","https://openalex.org/W4401649674","https://openalex.org/W4402893468","https://openalex.org/W4403271751","https://openalex.org/W4405871679","https://openalex.org/W4406339103","https://openalex.org/W4407157705","https://openalex.org/W4408944747","https://openalex.org/W4409565110","https://openalex.org/W4414006735","https://openalex.org/W4414382364","https://openalex.org/W4415293089","https://openalex.org/W4416794434","https://openalex.org/W4417431085","https://openalex.org/W6929748449","https://openalex.org/W7118168670","https://openalex.org/W7135032248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4394010183","https://openalex.org/W4321481272","https://openalex.org/W7135171857","https://openalex.org/W7131081362","https://openalex.org/W4414382364","https://openalex.org/W4417431085","https://openalex.org/W7223253122","https://openalex.org/W3041773269","https://openalex.org/W3087821360","https://openalex.org/W7203970227"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Enhanced":[0],"rock":[1],"weathering":[2],"(ERW)":[3],"is":[4,59,122,186],"an":[5],"emerging":[6],"carbon":[7,173],"dioxide":[8],"removal":[9],"(CDR)":[10],"pathway":[11],"that":[12,93],"has":[13,47],"been":[14,48],"heavily":[15],"explored":[16],"for":[17,50,151,160,226],"agricultural":[18],"systems.":[19],"There":[20],"may":[21],"also":[22],"be":[23],"co-benefits":[24],"from":[25,128,192],"this":[26,215],"approach":[27],"in":[28,70,78,165,228],"historically":[29],"acidified":[30],"forest":[31,51],"ecosystems":[32],"by":[33],"replenishing":[34],"depleted":[35],"nutrient":[36],"cations,":[37],"leading":[38],"to":[39,72,133,208],"increased":[40],"tree":[41],"growth.":[42],"However,":[43],"far":[44],"less":[45],"analysis":[46],"conducted":[49],"land":[52,112],"applications.":[53],"Process-based":[54],"modeling":[55],"of":[56,108,153,223],"these":[57],"benefits":[58],"currently":[60],"preferable":[61],"because":[62],"there":[63],"are":[64],"insufficient":[65],"empirical":[66],"data":[67],"on":[68],"ERW":[69,145,158,227],"forests":[71,230],"effectively":[73],"capture":[74],"the":[75,84,114,154,166,170,182,219,224],"spatial":[76],"heterogeneity":[77],"climate,":[79],"soils,":[80],"and":[81,88,149,162,169],"geology":[82],"across":[83,104],"U.S.":[85,229],"We":[86],"developed":[87],"calibrated":[89],"a":[90,95,129,178,193],"mechanistic":[91],"model":[92],"simulated":[94],"single":[96,130,194],"40":[97],"tonne":[98],"per":[99],"hectare":[100],"basalt":[101],"application":[102,195],"rate":[103],"132":[105],"million":[106],"hectares":[107],"practically":[109],"manageable":[110],"forested":[111],"within":[113],"conterminous":[115],"United":[116],"States.":[117],"The":[118],"gross":[119],"CDR":[120,184],"potential":[121,185,225],"660":[123],"Mt":[124,135,188,197],"CO":[125,136,189,198],"2":[126,137,190,199],"e":[127,138,191,200],"application,":[131],"annualized":[132],"66.0":[134],"yr":[139,201],"\u22121":[140,202],"over":[141,203],"10":[142,204],"years.":[143],"Abiotic":[144],"was":[146,163],"geographically":[147],"dispersed":[148],"accounted":[150,159],"76.6%":[152],"total,":[155],"while":[156],"biotic":[157],"23.4%":[161],"clustered":[164],"Pacific":[167],"Northwest":[168],"East.":[171],"After":[172],"penalties":[174],"were":[175],"assessed,":[176],"using":[177],"life":[179],"cycle":[180],"assessment,":[181],"net":[183,210],"353":[187],"(35.3":[196],"years),":[205],"with":[206],"opportunities":[207],"increase":[209],"sequestration":[211],"through":[212],"reapplication.":[213],"In":[214],"study":[216],"we":[217],"provide":[218],"first":[220],"detailed":[221],"assessment":[222],"under":[231],"realistic":[232],"supply-chain":[233],"assumptions.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}