{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203736741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","title":"K-Means Cluster Analysis of Multiphotometric Mid-Infrared Absorption Maps for Label-Free Delineation of Biochemically Distinct Tissue Compartments in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","display_name":"K-Means Cluster Analysis of Multiphotometric Mid-Infrared Absorption Maps for Label-Free Delineation of Biochemically Distinct Tissue Compartments in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203736741","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086287868","display_name":"Alessa Rache","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-8672","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-8672"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alessa Rache","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7598-8672","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034220556","display_name":"Felix W\u00fchler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-8549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-8549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix W\u00fchler","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4821-8549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084432774","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn van Marwick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2457-8805","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2457-8805"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bj\u00f6rn van Marwick","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2457-8805","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027914439","display_name":"Felix Lauer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1644-3415","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1644-3415"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Lauer","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-1644-3415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074856057","display_name":"Julian Reichwald","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-5710","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-5710"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian Reichwald","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-5710","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089281103","display_name":"Matthias Raedle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-7608","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-7608"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I112756935","display_name":"Technische Hochschule Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/04p61dj41","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthias R\u00e4dle","raw_affiliation_strings":["CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3382-7608","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CeMOS Research and Transfer Center, University of Applied Science Mannheim, 68163 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026601292","display_name":"Johann Kern","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4906-354X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4906-354X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223822909","display_name":"Heidelberg University","ror":"https://ror.org/038t36y30","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223822909"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156450","display_name":"University Medical Centre Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/05sxbyd35","country_code":"DE","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210156450"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387153978","display_name":"Medizinische Fakult\u00e4t Mannheim","ror":"https://ror.org/02m1z0a87","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387153978"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Johann Kern","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4906-354X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68167 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223822909","https://openalex.org/I4210156450","https://openalex.org/I4387153978"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086287868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I112756935"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51357609,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"16","first_page":"8242","last_page":"8242"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mid-infrared-imaging","display_name":"mid-infrared imaging","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-and-neck-squamous-cell-carcinoma","display_name":"head and neck squamous cell carcinoma","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/k-means-clustering","display_name":"K-means clustering","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tissue-segmentation","display_name":"tissue segmentation","score":0.7329999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lipid-protein-ratio","display_name":"lipid/protein ratio","score":0.8840000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tumor-stroma","display_name":"tumor stroma","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-pathology","display_name":"digital pathology","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formalin-fixed-paraffin-embedded-tissue","display_name":"formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue","score":0.9700000286102295}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16930146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4381253","display_name":"Stromal cell","level":2,"score":0.6079000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.5809000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018411727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3867488","display_name":"Head and neck","level":2,"score":0.5242000222206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776833033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783924","display_name":"Head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma","level":4,"score":0.4650999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.38029998540878296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019992690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92767510","display_name":"Basal cell","level":2,"score":0.3458000123500824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.32710000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193270364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17141925","display_name":"Tissue microarray","level":3,"score":0.32600000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.31049999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776530083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783924","display_name":"Head and neck cancer","level":3,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203635412","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17007432","display_name":"Compartment (ship)","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.2825999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.28119999170303345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.27160000801086426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.26589998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1491633281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7868","display_name":"Cell","level":2,"score":0.2590000033378601}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0c48a9a1d47d49d0a936ff8bd58e5c3a","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0c48a9a1d47d49d0a936ff8bd58e5c3a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences, Vol 16, Iss 16, p 8242 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/app16168242","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/app16168242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205812","display_name":"Applied Sciences","issn_l":"2076-3417","issn":["2076-3417"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","oarl","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1168559610","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"KK5082426RG3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984509384","https://openalex.org/W1987971958","https://openalex.org/W2002769882","https://openalex.org/W2051224630","https://openalex.org/W2059111926","https://openalex.org/W2069243797","https://openalex.org/W2094500109","https://openalex.org/W2105941262","https://openalex.org/W2142458924","https://openalex.org/W2753056763","https://openalex.org/W2794174632","https://openalex.org/W2903119292","https://openalex.org/W2974226890","https://openalex.org/W3107533236","https://openalex.org/W3132799678","https://openalex.org/W3151286594","https://openalex.org/W3164641751","https://openalex.org/W4200247705","https://openalex.org/W4229498285","https://openalex.org/W4253987207","https://openalex.org/W4288077770","https://openalex.org/W4313295370","https://openalex.org/W4313413108","https://openalex.org/W4323037718","https://openalex.org/W4388915238","https://openalex.org/W4401101780","https://openalex.org/W4414591618","https://openalex.org/W4415209270","https://openalex.org/W7131631794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3211701710","https://openalex.org/W4392680874","https://openalex.org/W7128439195","https://openalex.org/W3134608823","https://openalex.org/W7133538408","https://openalex.org/W4324319694","https://openalex.org/W2171408938","https://openalex.org/W4401163406","https://openalex.org/W4377564201","https://openalex.org/W2004128332"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Conventional":[0],"histopathological":[1],"diagnostics":[2],"rely":[3],"on":[4],"morphological":[5],"assessment":[6],"of":[7,37,93,104,142],"stained":[8],"tissue":[9,38,59,82,96,109,147],"sections,":[10],"requiring":[11],"extensive":[12],"sample":[13],"preparation":[14],"and":[15,48,68,80,119,136],"subjective":[16],"expert":[17],"interpretation.":[18],"Mid-infrared":[19],"(MIR)":[20],"imaging":[21],"offers":[22],"a":[23,46],"complementary":[24],"approach":[25,144],"by":[26],"providing":[27],"spatially":[28],"resolved,":[29],"label-free":[30,91,146],"access":[31],"to":[32,56,108],"the":[33,88,140],"intrinsic":[34],"biochemical":[35],"composition":[36],"without":[39],"exogenous":[40],"contrast":[41],"agents.":[42],"This":[43],"work":[44],"introduces":[45],"preprocessing":[47],"analysis":[49],"pipeline":[50,89],"for":[51,145],"multiphotometric":[52],"MIR":[53],"data,":[54],"applied":[55],"formalin-fixed,":[57],"paraffin-embedded":[58],"sections":[60],"from":[61],"two":[62],"patients":[63],"with":[64,84,111,116,130],"histopathologically":[65],"confirmed":[66],"head":[67],"neck":[69],"squamous":[70],"cell":[71],"carcinoma.":[72],"Combining":[73],"differential":[74],"scattering":[75],"correction,":[76],"sub-pixel":[77],"channel":[78],"registration,":[79],"automated":[81],"segmentation":[83],"unsupervised":[85],"K-Means":[86,98],"clustering,":[87],"achieves":[90],"discrimination":[92],"biochemically":[94],"distinct":[95,102],"compartments.":[97,121],"clustering":[99],"identified":[100],"four":[101],"clusters,":[103],"which":[105],"three":[106],"corresponded":[107],"compartments":[110],"protein-to-lipid":[112],"ratios":[113],"tentatively":[114],"consistent":[115],"epithelial,":[117],"tumor-associated,":[118],"stromal":[120,137],"The":[122],"resulting":[123],"cluster":[124],"maps":[125],"showed":[126],"partial":[127],"spatial":[128],"correspondence":[129],"mIF":[131],"reference":[132],"stainings":[133],"targeting":[134],"epithelial":[135],"markers,":[138],"supporting":[139],"potential":[141],"this":[143],"characterization":[148],"in":[149],"digital":[150],"pathology.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-08-20T00:00:00"}