{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203727379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","title":"Population Genetics of the Medicinal Leech Whitmania pigra Based on Mitochondrial Genes","display_name":"Population Genetics of the Medicinal Leech Whitmania pigra Based on Mitochondrial Genes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203727379","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42938394","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13704170"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147405721","display_name":"Yanping Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5272-818X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5272-818X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanping Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147400307","display_name":"Pinpin Zhou","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pinpin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147377849","display_name":"Yiyong Luo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yiyong Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146886083","display_name":"Ming Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-2930","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-2930"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8335-2930","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084504837","display_name":"Huanhuan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-1014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-1014"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanhuan Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9477-1014","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044109718","display_name":"Zichao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-6209","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-6209"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7509-6209","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101553609","display_name":"Fang Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7778-8892","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7778-8892"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7778-8892","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102734185","display_name":"Gonghua Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-7932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7670-7932"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gonghua Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147383768","display_name":"Lizhou Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lizhou Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102734185","https://openalex.org/A5147383768"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":2.3338,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90054261,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"10","first_page":"1278","last_page":"1278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10012","display_name":"Genetic diversity and population structure","score":0.9071999788284302,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13767","display_name":"Leech Biology and Applications","score":0.0908999964594841,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1103","display_name":"Animal Science and Zoology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whitmania-pigra","display_name":"Whitmania pigra","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicinal-leech","display_name":"Hirudo medicinalis","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-genetics","display_name":"population genetics","score":0.7620000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mitochondrial-dna","display_name":"mitochondrial DNA","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coi","display_name":"COI","score":0.8690000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytochrome-b","display_name":"cytochrome b","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nadh-dehydrogenase-subunit-1","display_name":"ND1","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-diversity","display_name":"genetic diversity","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population-structure","display_name":"population structure","score":0.7599999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-history","display_name":"demographic history","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/founder-effect","display_name":"founder effect","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionarily-significant-units","display_name":"evolutionarily significant units","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pleistocene-climatic-fluctuations","display_name":"Pleistocene climatic fluctuations","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antithrombotic-agents","display_name":"antithrombotic agents","score":0.8550000190734863}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.8395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81977670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q585259","display_name":"Genetic diversity","level":3,"score":0.6463000178337097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5986999869346619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85721925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31151","display_name":"Population genetics","level":3,"score":0.5532000064849854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.5497999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197754878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80711","display_name":"Haplotype","level":4,"score":0.520799994468689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24586158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27075","display_name":"Mitochondrial DNA","level":3,"score":0.5083000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26589402","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7068267","display_name":"Nucleotide diversity","level":5,"score":0.46050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193252679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242125","display_name":"Phylogenetic tree","level":3,"score":0.43529999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68873052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349856","display_name":"Genetic variation","level":3,"score":0.38040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19811304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6930378","display_name":"mtDNA control region","level":5,"score":0.37299999594688416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130217890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47041","display_name":"Biodiversity","level":2,"score":0.36719998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167683757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5937774","display_name":"Human evolutionary genetics","level":4,"score":0.35600000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90132467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184","display_name":"Phylogenetics","level":3,"score":0.34470000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46576788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532925","display_name":"Genetic structure","level":4,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172777353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374271","display_name":"Genetic variability","level":4,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190789776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767511","display_name":"Genetic marker","level":3,"score":0.31119999289512634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51213014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4390843","display_name":"Conservation genetics","level":5,"score":0.30250000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3641667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1295959","display_name":"Effective population size","level":4,"score":0.2897999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138592617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748695","display_name":"Genetic distance","level":4,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109186463","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230536","display_name":"Genetic divergence","level":4,"score":0.2827000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501734568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42918","display_name":"Mutation","level":3,"score":0.2824000120162964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.2808000147342682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23085057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532877","display_name":"Genetic analysis","level":3,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C517289559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10297573","display_name":"Demographic history","level":4,"score":0.27129998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80990810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486420","display_name":"Genetic drift","level":4,"score":0.27070000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195054827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504568","display_name":"Founder effect","level":5,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777461220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q589029","display_name":"Germplasm","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105076106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815715","display_name":"Population bottleneck","level":5,"score":0.25360000133514404}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002681","descriptor_name":"China","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004272","descriptor_name":"DNA, Mitochondrial","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005828","descriptor_name":"Genetics, Population","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006239","descriptor_name":"Haplotypes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007865","descriptor_name":"Leeches","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007865","descriptor_name":"Leeches","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010802","descriptor_name":"Phylogeny","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014644","descriptor_name":"Genetic Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D050259","descriptor_name":"Genes, Mitochondrial","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.20944/preprints202608.1244.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202608.1244.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202608.1244.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S6309402219","display_name":"Preprints.org","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13704170","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13704170/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13704170/pdf/genes-17-01278.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42938394","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42938394","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/genes17101278","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/genes17101278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S194631498","display_name":"Genes","issn_l":"2073-4425","issn":["2073-4425"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7827738293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"32260115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7913013314","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"82260742","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203727379.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203727379.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990065186","https://openalex.org/W1990074132","https://openalex.org/W2009467787","https://openalex.org/W2040441669","https://openalex.org/W2058689113","https://openalex.org/W2059759656","https://openalex.org/W2064642894","https://openalex.org/W2089898489","https://openalex.org/W2112372263","https://openalex.org/W2113679889","https://openalex.org/W2120124684","https://openalex.org/W2120611093","https://openalex.org/W2142678478","https://openalex.org/W2419610771","https://openalex.org/W2743397125","https://openalex.org/W2755331695","https://openalex.org/W2767182124","https://openalex.org/W2896210678","https://openalex.org/W2900357786","https://openalex.org/W2914626607","https://openalex.org/W2923478032","https://openalex.org/W2951912016","https://openalex.org/W2965470031","https://openalex.org/W3008888480","https://openalex.org/W3017349169","https://openalex.org/W3208356596","https://openalex.org/W3217391491","https://openalex.org/W4226070475","https://openalex.org/W4251751280","https://openalex.org/W4280527527","https://openalex.org/W4283065832","https://openalex.org/W4367181616","https://openalex.org/W4388762096","https://openalex.org/W4391263389","https://openalex.org/W4392190378","https://openalex.org/W4399368802","https://openalex.org/W4404711050","https://openalex.org/W4407983440","https://openalex.org/W4409910044","https://openalex.org/W4412598471","https://openalex.org/W4414365630"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4412598471","https://openalex.org/W2208694146","https://openalex.org/W2067776348","https://openalex.org/W1992558706","https://openalex.org/W2809982001","https://openalex.org/W2367268415","https://openalex.org/W7165883955","https://openalex.org/W2611700856","https://openalex.org/W1966418514","https://openalex.org/W2359434307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Background:":[0],"Leeches":[1],"possess":[2],"significant":[3],"medicinal":[4,23],"value":[5],"as":[6,44,133],"antithrombotic":[7],"agents,":[8],"and":[9,26,40,83,98,114,124,179,195,217,250,283,316],"elucidating":[10],"their":[11],"population":[12,51,199,276],"genetic":[13,52,203],"background":[14],"is":[15],"of":[16,22,29,54,65,74,153,230],"great":[17],"importance":[18],"for":[19,312],"the":[20,27,50,90,110,162,184,239,274,298,304],"conservation":[21],"germplasm":[24],"resources":[25],"development":[28],"pharmaceutical":[30],"applications.":[31],"Methods:":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34,244],"study,":[35],"mitochondrial":[36,215,281],"genes":[37],"(COI,":[38],"Cytb,":[39],"ND1)":[41],"were":[42,68,86],"used":[43],"molecular":[45],"markers":[46,321],"to":[47,235,303],"systematically":[48],"investigate":[49],"characteristics":[53],"wild":[55],"Whitmania":[56],"pigra":[57,314],"from":[58],"13":[59,185],"regions":[60],"across":[61],"China.":[62],"A":[63],"total":[64],"137":[66],"individuals":[67],"sequenced,":[69],"yielding":[70],"a":[71,134,151,169,212,218,260,278,284,310],"concatenated":[72,91,112],"alignment":[73],"3554":[75],"bp":[76],"with":[77,131,257,273,292],"441":[78],"variable":[79],"sites.":[80],"Haplotype":[81,175],"networks":[82],"phylogenetic":[84,177],"trees":[85],"constructed":[87],"based":[88],"on":[89],"sequences,":[92],"alongside":[93],"BAPS":[94,180],"clustering,":[95],"neutrality":[96],"tests,":[97],"Bayesian":[99],"Skyline":[100],"Plot":[101],"(BSP)":[102],"analyses.":[103],"Results:":[104],"Genetic":[105],"diversity":[106,120,127,164,249,253],"analyses":[107],"revealed":[108],"that":[109],"species-level":[111],"dataset":[113],"most":[115],"populations":[116,186,266],"exhibited":[117,200],"high":[118,202,247],"haplotype":[119,248],"(Hd":[121],">":[122],"0.5)":[123],"low":[125,251],"nucleotide":[126,252],"(Pi":[128],"<":[129],"0.02),":[130],"JXJA":[132,166,258],"notable":[135],"exception":[136],"(concatenated":[137],"Hd":[138],"=":[139,145,148,206],"0.200).":[140],"Neutrality":[141],"tests":[142],"(Fu\u2019s":[143],"Fs":[144],"\u22126.002,":[146],"p":[147],"0.001)":[149],"supported":[150],"scenario":[152],"historical":[154],"bottlenecks":[155],"followed":[156],"by":[157],"rapid":[158],"demographic":[159,231],"expansion,":[160],"whereas":[161],"reduced":[163],"in":[165,254],"may":[167,210],"reflect":[168],"local":[170,262],"bottleneck":[171,263],"or":[172],"founder":[173],"effect.":[174],"networks,":[176],"trees,":[178],"clustering":[181],"consistently":[182],"divided":[183],"into":[187,270],"three":[188,271],"significantly":[189],"differentiated":[190,214,280],"groups:":[191],"northeastern":[192],"(HLJ),":[193],"southern,":[194],"northern-central.":[196],"The":[197,224,265],"HLJ":[198,275],"extremely":[201],"differentiation":[204],"(FST":[205],"0.902\u20130.977),":[207],"suggesting":[208],"it":[209],"represent":[211],"highly":[213,279],"lineage":[216,282],"candidate":[219,285],"Evolutionarily":[220],"Significant":[221],"Unit":[222],"(ESU).":[223],"BSP":[225],"analysis":[226],"reconstructed":[227],"four":[228],"phases":[229],"history,":[232],"broadly":[233,290],"corresponding":[234],"climatic":[236,295],"fluctuations":[237],"since":[238],"Late":[240,293],"Pleistocene.":[241],"Conclusions:":[242],"Overall,":[243],"study":[245],"reveals":[246],"W.":[255,313],"pigra,":[256],"representing":[259,277],"distinct":[261],"case.":[264],"are":[267,322],"strongly":[268],"structured":[269],"lineages,":[272],"ESU.":[286],"Demographic":[287],"dynamics":[288],"appear":[289],"associated":[291],"Pleistocene":[294],"fluctuations,":[296],"though":[297],"timing":[299],"remains":[300],"uncertain":[301],"due":[302],"substitution":[305],"rate.":[306],"These":[307],"findings":[308],"provide":[309],"basis":[311],"conservation,":[315],"future":[317],"studies":[318],"incorporating":[319],"nuclear":[320],"warranted.":[323]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}
