{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203718693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16563","title":"Population-Level Verification of the Black-Hole Area Law with First- and Second-Generation Black Holes","display_name":"Population-Level Verification of the Black-Hole Area Law with First- and Second-Generation Black Holes","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203718693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16563"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.16563","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.16563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.16563","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136044452","display_name":"Shao-Peng Tang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802340896","display_name":"Purple Mountain Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02eb4t121","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tang, Shao-Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136018882","display_name":"Yin-Jie Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802340896","display_name":"Purple Mountain Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02eb4t121","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li, Yin-Jie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132543139","display_name":"Yi-Zhong Fan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126520041","display_name":"University of Science and Technology of China","ror":"https://ror.org/04c4dkn09","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126520041","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802340896","display_name":"Purple Mountain Observatory","ror":"https://ror.org/02eb4t121","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fan, Yi-Zhong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China","School of Astronomy and Space Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Dark Matter and Space Astronomy , Purple Mountain Observatory , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Nanjing 210033 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I2802340896"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Astronomy and Space Science , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei , Anhui 230026 , China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126520041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10744","display_name":"Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-wave-tests-of-general-relativity","display_name":"gravitational wave tests of general relativity","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hierarchical-mergers","display_name":"hierarchical merging","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-hole-spin-distribution","display_name":"black hole spin distribution","score":0.5979999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-black-hole-mergers","display_name":"binary black hole mergers","score":0.5820000171661377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.47040000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154815118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q453762","display_name":"Spinning","level":2,"score":0.44690001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.42570000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988430800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428971","display_name":"Scaling law","level":3,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159176650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43261","display_name":"Horizon","level":2,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3458999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3237999975681305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32602459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913879","display_name":"Binary black hole","level":3,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.32030001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.31139999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30550000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777134139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q697327","display_name":"Lawsuit","level":2,"score":0.2858000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185767445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207952","display_name":"Law of large numbers","level":3,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87007009","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210832","display_name":"Statistical hypothesis testing","level":2,"score":0.2526000142097473}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.16563","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.16563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.16563","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16563","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.16563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.16563","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.16563","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.16563","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203718693.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203718693.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2055006798","https://openalex.org/W2105539313","https://openalex.org/W2252795400","https://openalex.org/W2768914281","https://openalex.org/W2790222412","https://openalex.org/W2883722058","https://openalex.org/W2899782607","https://openalex.org/W2931388211","https://openalex.org/W3112702162","https://openalex.org/W3160629185","https://openalex.org/W3161363993","https://openalex.org/W3217413321","https://openalex.org/W4214908245","https://openalex.org/W4226375161","https://openalex.org/W4292875581","https://openalex.org/W4307082099","https://openalex.org/W4312101751","https://openalex.org/W4380078457","https://openalex.org/W4387158257","https://openalex.org/W4389100265","https://openalex.org/W4401216590","https://openalex.org/W4401388555","https://openalex.org/W4405766394","https://openalex.org/W4414090563","https://openalex.org/W4415334888","https://openalex.org/W4415906605","https://openalex.org/W4417268244","https://openalex.org/W7162197156","https://openalex.org/W7162575693","https://openalex.org/W7163780866","https://openalex.org/W7167027608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4399007905","https://openalex.org/W4307313581","https://openalex.org/W7112471999","https://openalex.org/W4401388555","https://openalex.org/W4415906605","https://openalex.org/W2768914281","https://openalex.org/W4321482664","https://openalex.org/W7220385848","https://openalex.org/W3002635572","https://openalex.org/W2996663375"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hawking's":[0],"area":[1,8,87,160],"theorem":[2,88],"states":[3],"that":[4,114,123,181],"the":[5,42,48,51,56,76,79,86,95,100,108,119,127,151,176,189],"total":[6,96],"event-horizon":[7],"of":[9,18,35,50,64,75,99,110,126,130,169,191,194],"classical":[10],"black":[11,53,81,132,198],"holes":[12,54,82,133],"can":[13],"never":[14],"decrease.":[15],"Gravitational-wave":[16],"tests":[17],"this":[19],"law":[20,168],"have":[21],"so":[22,113],"far":[23],"focused":[24],"on":[25],"individual":[26],"loud":[27],"mergers,":[28],"thus":[29,172],"probing":[30],"only":[31],"a":[32,61,68,155],"sparse":[33],"subset":[34],"binary":[36],"parameter":[37,104],"space.":[38],"Here":[39],"we":[40,121,149],"perform":[41],"\\emph{first}":[43],"population-level":[44],"test.":[45],"We":[46],"exploit":[47],"decomposition":[49],"coalescing":[52],"in":[55,186],"latest":[57],"gravitational-wave":[58],"catalogue":[59],"into":[60],"low-spin":[62,101],"subpopulation":[63,70],"stellar-collapse":[65,195],"origin":[66],"and":[67,147,196],"high-spin":[69,80],"assembled":[71],"through":[72],"hierarchical":[73],"mergers":[74,180],"former.":[77],"If":[78],"are":[83],"merger":[84],"remnants,":[85],"requires":[89],"their":[90,136],"horizon":[91],"areas":[92,98],"to":[93,107],"exceed":[94],"pre-merger":[97],"binaries.":[102],"Using":[103],"estimation":[105],"restricted":[106],"inspiral":[109],"241":[111],"events,":[112],"no":[115],"merger-ringdown":[116],"information":[117],"enters":[118],"inference,":[120],"find":[122],"both":[124],"peaks":[125],"horizon-area":[128],"distribution":[129],"second-generation":[131],"lie":[134],"above":[135],"first-generation":[137],"counterparts.":[138],"The":[139,166],"displacement":[140],"is":[141,162],"significant":[142],"at":[143],"each":[144],"peak":[145],"($2.1$--$3.7\u03c3$),":[146],"when":[148],"tie":[150],"two":[152],"subpopulations":[153],"with":[154],"single":[156],"common":[157],"shift,":[158],"an":[159],"decrease":[161],"excluded":[163],"decisively":[164],"($\\gtrsim5.0\u03c3$).":[165],"second":[167],"black-hole":[170],"mechanics":[171],"holds":[173],"statistically":[174],"across":[175],"quasicircular,":[177],"moderately":[178],"spinning":[179],"dominate":[182],"current":[183],"catalogues,":[184],"which":[185],"turn":[187],"underpins":[188],"robustness":[190],"our":[192],"classification":[193],"hierarchical-merger":[197],"holes.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}
