{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203705274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","title":"A Lightweight Quantum-Secure Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","display_name":"A Lightweight Quantum-Secure Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203705274","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116468191","display_name":"Lasseni Coulibaly","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lasseni Coulibaly","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028442279","display_name":"Damien Hanyurwimfura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-1256","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6290-1256"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Damien Hanyurwimfura","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026516011","display_name":"Evariste Twahirwa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-3659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-3659"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evariste Twahirwa","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020267206","display_name":"Abubakar Diwani Bakari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-8359","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4025-8359"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abubakar Diwani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"2","first_page":"1","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.6161999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.6161999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.3743000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-and-key-agreement","display_name":"authentication and key agreement","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-networks","display_name":"vehicular ad hoc networks","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-security","display_name":"quantum security","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hash-based-cryptography","display_name":"hash-based cryptography","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lightweight-cryptography","display_name":"lightweight cryptography","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"mutual authentication","score":0.7179999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decentralized-architecture","display_name":"decentralized architecture","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-systems","display_name":"intelligent transportation systems","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-latency","display_name":"authentication latency","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communication-overhead","display_name":"communication overhead","score":0.5509999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7336999773979187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6019999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.47350001335144043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47130000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.4433000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.43220001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43059998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4092999994754791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.4011000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33884865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1254335","display_name":"Cryptographic protocol","level":3,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121158502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4652161","display_name":"AKA","level":2,"score":0.3903999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.3702000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.36640000343322754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.31290000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99674996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1414155","display_name":"Key exchange","level":4,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.30630001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20574231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844605","display_name":"Backward compatibility","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.2752000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.2718000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54108766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q391064","display_name":"Packet loss","level":3,"score":0.2709999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.26489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12269588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132364","display_name":"Communications protocol","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2026.087148","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210191605","display_name":"Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print)","issn_l":"1546-2218","issn":["1546-2218","1546-2226"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Computers, Materials &amp; Continua","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.5378999710083008},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.4000000059604645}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7214173492","https://openalex.org/W7162128697","https://openalex.org/W7162339813","https://openalex.org/W7161754671","https://openalex.org/W4399117525","https://openalex.org/W4409804846","https://openalex.org/W7125189557","https://openalex.org/W4411302304","https://openalex.org/W4415612847","https://openalex.org/W4416022576"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Intelligent":[0],"transportation":[1],"systems,":[2],"a":[3,93,124,188],"critical":[4],"pillar":[5],"for":[6,191],"smart":[7],"cities,":[8],"enable":[9],"real-time":[10,77],"vehicular":[11,31,121,194],"communications":[12],"to":[13,35,56,63,115,149,157],"prevent":[14],"human":[15],"errors":[16],"and":[17,21,26,43,48,107,118,151,169,181],"improve":[18],"traffic":[19],"safety":[20],"efficiency.":[22],"However,":[23],"the":[24,102,108,185],"open":[25],"highly":[27],"dynamic":[28],"nature":[29],"of":[30],"networks":[32],"exposes":[33],"them":[34],"various":[36],"security":[37,66,128,133],"threats,":[38],"including":[39],"message":[40],"tampering,":[41],"impersonation,":[42],"privacy":[44],"violations.":[45],"Several":[46],"authentication":[47,179],"key":[49,104],"agreement":[50],"(AKA)":[51],"protocols":[52],"have":[53],"been":[54],"proposed":[55,186],"mitigate":[57],"these":[58],"risks,":[59],"but":[60],"often":[61],"fail":[62],"maintain":[64],"future-proof":[65],"against":[67,137],"emerging":[68],"quantum":[69],"threats":[70],"or":[71,87],"introduce":[72],"significant":[73],"latency":[74],"that":[75,97],"affects":[76],"applications":[78],"by":[79],"relying":[80],"on":[81],"computationally":[82],"expensive":[83],"public-key":[84],"cryptography,":[85],"blockchain":[86],"centralized":[88],"architectures.":[89],"This":[90],"paper":[91],"proposes":[92],"new":[94],"AKA":[95],"protocol":[96,187],"combines":[98],"hash-based":[99],"operations":[100],"with":[101,131,160],"Blom\u2019s":[103],"pre-distribution":[105],"scheme":[106],"standardized":[109],"Module-Lattice-Based":[110],"Key":[111],"Encapsulation":[112],"Mechanism":[113],"(ML-KEM)":[114],"achieve":[116],"lightweight":[117],"quantum-secure":[119,193],"mutual":[120],"authentications":[122],"in":[123],"decentralized":[125],"architecture.":[126],"Formal":[127],"verifications":[129],"together":[130],"informal":[132],"analysis":[134],"demonstrate":[135,172],"resistance":[136],"common":[138],"network":[139],"attacks,":[140],"while":[141],"performance":[142],"evaluations":[143],"confirm":[144],"reduced":[145],"computational":[146],"costs":[147],"up":[148],"99.95%":[150],"communication":[152],"overhead":[153],"reductions":[154],"from":[155],"8.46%":[156],"87.08%":[158],"compared":[159],"related":[161],"methods.":[162],"Moreover,":[163],"NS-3":[164],"simulations":[165],"under":[166],"varying":[167],"densities":[168],"mobility":[170],"conditions":[171],"high":[173],"packet":[174],"delivery":[175],"reliability,":[176],"low":[177],"end-to-end":[178],"latency,":[180],"excellent":[182],"scalability,":[183],"making":[184],"practical":[189],"solution":[190],"next-generation":[192],"networks.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}
