{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203679889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","title":"University sports in Lebanon: between French heritage and American influence","display_name":"University sports in Lebanon: between French heritage and American influence","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203679889","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42682506","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13529441"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121008308","display_name":"Denis Bernardeau-Moreau","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136412","display_name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Sant\u00e9, Soci\u00e9t\u00e9","ror":"https://ror.org/03eq8fa86","country_code":"FR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I2802487185","https://openalex.org/I4210136412","https://openalex.org/I44563897"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Denis Bernardeau-Moreau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Univ. Lille, ULR 7369\u2014URePSSS\u2014Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Univ. Lille, ULR 7369\u2014URePSSS\u2014Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Sant\u00e9 Soci\u00e9t\u00e9","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4210136412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075586845","display_name":"Nadim Nassif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0011-2948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0011-2948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60770847","display_name":"Notre Dame University \u2013 Louaize","ror":"https://ror.org/030br0314","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I60770847"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nadim Nassif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Education, and Physical Education, Notre Dame University\u2013Louaize (NDU)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Education, and Physical Education, Notre Dame University\u2013Louaize (NDU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60770847"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048422084","display_name":"Elie El Hayek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6138-0219","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6138-0219"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elie El Hayek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5121008308"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I4210136412"],"apc_list":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"apc_paid":{"value":1950,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2353},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":null,"first_page":"1829433","last_page":"1829433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Sociology, History and Politics of Sport","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13488","display_name":"Recreational Sport and Physical Activity","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3319","display_name":"Life-span and Life-course Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-athletics","display_name":"college athletics","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/student-athletes","display_name":"student athletes","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-governance","display_name":"sports governance","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sport-development","display_name":"sports development","score":0.44699999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-organizations","display_name":"sports organizations","score":0.47600001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lebanon","display_name":"Lebanon","score":0.4000000059604645}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.5268999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5038999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91417265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48519","display_name":"Sport management","level":2,"score":0.3921999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3874000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.3630000054836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3379000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.30570000410079956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777638134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20857129","display_name":"University system","level":3,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120912362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q136822","display_name":"Higher education","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13529441","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13529441/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13529441/pdf/fspor-08-1829433.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Sports Act Living","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42682506","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42682506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in sports and active living","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-05738398v1","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-05738398","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402512","display_name":"HAL","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4405252976","host_organization_name":"Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405252976"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 2026, 8, &#x27E8;10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433&#x27E9;","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:55218d4f792f490ebf4010203fdf260d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/55218d4f792f490ebf4010203fdf260d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, Vol 8 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/sports-and-active-living/articles/10.3389/fspor.2026.1829433/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210180255","display_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","issn_l":"2624-9367","issn":["2624-9367"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Sports and Active Living","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203679889.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203679889.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493340936","https://openalex.org/W1504153621","https://openalex.org/W2055305730","https://openalex.org/W2099403742","https://openalex.org/W2335366120","https://openalex.org/W2497177454","https://openalex.org/W2792939167","https://openalex.org/W2797107389","https://openalex.org/W2809028795","https://openalex.org/W2905411307","https://openalex.org/W3022596609","https://openalex.org/W4297880838","https://openalex.org/W7163362026"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223078331","https://openalex.org/W7134370988","https://openalex.org/W4221074467","https://openalex.org/W2393088600","https://openalex.org/W4400889643","https://openalex.org/W802970615","https://openalex.org/W7147390890","https://openalex.org/W6999906162","https://openalex.org/W7036933143","https://openalex.org/W2372813890"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Introduction:":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,23,26,56,65,73,85,98,122],"structure":[5],"of":[6,25,76],"university":[7,126],"sports":[8,45,61,78,106,127],"in":[9,17],"Lebanon,":[10],"a":[11,50,81],"system":[12],"that":[13,93,116],"remains":[14],"mostly":[15],"overlooked":[16],"academic":[18],"research.":[19],"Methods:":[20],"By":[21],"analyzing":[22],"governance":[24],"Lebanese":[27],"University":[28],"Sport":[29],"Federation":[30],"(FSUL)":[31],"through":[32],"data":[33],"collected":[34],"from":[35,55],"131":[36],"student-athletes":[37],"across":[38],"24":[39],"universities":[40,94],"and":[41,58,124],"interviews":[42],"with":[43],"22":[44],"directors,":[46],"this":[47],"study":[48,114],"identifies":[49],"particular":[51],"model":[52],"mixing":[53],"variables":[54],"French":[57,71,123],"North":[59],"American":[60,86,125],"models.":[62],"Results:":[63],"While":[64],"administrative":[66],"rules":[67],"are":[68,95],"based":[69],"on":[70],"traditions,":[72],"growing":[74],"use":[75],"students'":[77],"scholarships":[79],"shows":[80],"visible":[82],"shift":[83],"toward":[84],"collegiate":[87],"system.":[88],"The":[89,113],"results":[90],"also":[91],"show":[92],"not":[96],"yet":[97],"primary":[99],"source":[100],"for":[101],"training":[102],"top":[103],"athletes;":[104],"instead,":[105],"associations":[107],"still":[108],"lead":[109],"athletes'":[110],"development.":[111],"Discussion:":[112],"concludes":[115],"Lebanon":[117],"is":[118],"currently":[119],"caught":[120],"between":[121],"models":[128],"while":[129],"trying":[130],"to":[131],"build":[132],"its":[133],"own":[134],"identity.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}
