{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203661748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","title":"Labor of the Bhikkhuni Sangha: Communal Work as Female Buddhist Practice","display_name":"Labor of the Bhikkhuni Sangha: Communal Work as Female Buddhist Practice","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203661748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rel17080979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184657","display_name":"Religions","issn_l":"2077-1444","issn":["2077-1444"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Religions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147427946","display_name":"Gisun Kang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205490536","display_name":"Dongguk University","ror":"https://ror.org/057q6n778","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gisun Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Buddhist Studies, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5147427946"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205490536"],"apc_list":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"apc_paid":{"value":1800,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2172},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.64336859,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"8","first_page":"979","last_page":"979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11563","display_name":"Indian and Buddhist Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11563","display_name":"Indian and Buddhist Studies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13150","display_name":"Study and Philosophy of Religion","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1211","display_name":"Philosophy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13356","display_name":"Early Modern Women Writers","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1212","display_name":"Religious studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/buddhist-nuns","display_name":"Buddhist nuns","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communal-labor","display_name":"communal labor","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/korean-buddhism","display_name":"Korean Buddhism","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-buddhist-texts","display_name":"early Buddhist texts","score":0.5879999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monastic-discipline","display_name":"monastic discipline","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-and-buddhism","display_name":"gender and Buddhism","score":0.41999998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75699723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748","display_name":"Buddhism","level":2,"score":0.9534000158309937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878070","display_name":"Duty","level":2,"score":0.7864000201225281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6732000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.5864999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175570560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2029312","display_name":"Ordination","level":2,"score":0.42160001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3937000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.36739999055862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.32820001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.29350000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775955634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1374354","display_name":"Maxim","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2628999948501587}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/rel17080979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184657","display_name":"Religions","issn_l":"2077-1444","issn":["2077-1444"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Religions","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9c5e93957dbc40039c5431e9a03d1a33","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/9c5e93957dbc40039c5431e9a03d1a33","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Religions, Vol 17, Iss 8, p 979 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/rel17080979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/rel17080979","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210184657","display_name":"Religions","issn_l":"2077-1444","issn":["2077-1444"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Religions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.6452000141143799}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.4437081217765808}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":4,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W655769354","https://openalex.org/W4206955675","https://openalex.org/W4246080900","https://openalex.org/W4407333273"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,78],"study":[1,149],"explores":[2,150],"the":[3,11,65,68,82,102,123,129,134,138,143,148,162,197,203],"role":[4],"of":[5,67,133,142,153,168,193,202,217],"labor":[6,63,107,154,178,219],"as":[7,190],"Buddhist":[8,31,36,51,62,112,218],"practice":[9,74,155,220],"within":[10,122,161,196],"Korean":[12,69,171,198,229],"bhikkhuni":[13],"sangha,":[14],"with":[15,75,137],"particular":[16],"attention":[17],"to":[18,39,181,226],"ulryeok":[19],"(communal":[20],"labor).":[21],"Bhikkhuni":[22],"is":[23,57,95,108],"not":[24],"a":[25,28,34,40,96,191],"term":[26,37],"for":[27],"general":[29],"female":[30],"practitioner,":[32],"but":[33],"technical":[35],"referring":[38],"woman":[41],"who":[42],"has":[43],"formally":[44],"undertaken":[45],"full":[46],"ordination":[47],"(a":[48],"fully":[49],"ordained":[50],"nun).":[52],"Unlike":[53],"ordinary":[54],"labor,":[55],"which":[56],"primarily":[58],"aimed":[59],"at":[60,145],"livelihood,":[61],"in":[64,105,110,209,222],"context":[66],"monastic":[70,199,230],"community":[71],"integrates":[72],"personal":[73],"communal":[76,106,177,184],"life.":[77],"study,":[79],"drawing":[80],"on":[81],"Madhyama":[83],"\u0100gama,":[84],"Vinaya":[85,124,136,205],"regulations,":[86],"and":[87,114,120,159,165,170,186],"Baizhang":[88],"Huaihai\u2019s":[89],"maxim":[90],"\u201cA":[91],"day":[92,97],"without":[93,98],"work":[94],"food,\u201d":[99],"examines":[100],"how":[101,115,151],"Buddha\u2019s":[103],"participation":[104],"depicted":[109],"early":[111,204],"texts":[113],"such":[116],"practices":[117],"were":[118],"institutionalized":[119],"interpreted":[121],"tradition.":[125,200],"Furthermore,":[126],"by":[127],"comparing":[128],"duty":[130,139],"assignment":[131],"system":[132,141,212],"Sarv\u0101stiv\u0101da":[135],"roster":[140],"Yongsangbang":[144],"Unmunsa":[146],"Monastery,":[147],"traditions":[152],"have":[156],"been":[157],"transmitted":[158],"reinterpreted":[160],"specific":[163],"historical":[164,223],"cultural":[166],"contexts":[167,224],"Chinese":[169],"Buddhism.":[172],"The":[173],"findings":[174],"show":[175],"that":[176,215],"(ullyeok)":[179],"functions":[180],"sustain":[182],"both":[183],"life":[185],"spiritual":[187],"practice,":[188],"operating":[189],"form":[192],"collective":[194],"discipline":[195],"Principles":[201],"tradition":[206],"remain":[207],"reflected":[208],"Unmunsa\u2019s":[210],"organizational":[211],"today,":[213],"demonstrating":[214],"interpretations":[216],"formed":[221],"continue":[225],"shape":[227],"contemporary":[228],"culture.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-08-29T07:29:34.045763","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}
