{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203660158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","title":"Polypharmacy and adverse drug reactions among hospitalised children: determinants and clinical and economic impact in a multicentre prospective cohort and nested matched case\u2013control study in Northwest Ethiopia","display_name":"Polypharmacy and adverse drug reactions among hospitalised children: determinants and clinical and economic impact in a multicentre prospective cohort and nested matched case\u2013control study in Northwest Ethiopia","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203660158","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42613083","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13504902"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306504555","display_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","issn_l":"2399-9772","issn":["2399-9772"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7203660158"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111111146","display_name":"Abel Temeche Kassaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3431-8187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3431-8187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abel Temeche Kassaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3431-8187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017113583","display_name":"Samuel Agegnew Wondm","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-6804","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-6804"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Agegnew Wondm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0723-6804","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117616756","display_name":"Desalegn Addis Mussie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9361-1033","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9361-1033"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desalegn Addis Mussie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024099853","display_name":"Getachew Yitayew Tarekegn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-6723","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8678-6723"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Getachew Yitayew Tarekegn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116537423","display_name":"Tigabu Eskeziya Zerihun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2616-397X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2616-397X","https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7567-5614"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tigabu Eskeziya Zerihun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026566897","display_name":"Tilaye Arega Moges","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-8792","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-8792"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tilaye Arega Moges","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6813-8792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023118057","display_name":"Woretaw Sisay Zewdu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-4014","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-4014"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Woretaw Sisay Zewdu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Service Directorate, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2616-4014","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Service Directorate, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134033581","display_name":"Ermias Alemayehu Beriso","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124021","display_name":"Bule Hora University","ror":"https://ror.org/038n8fg68","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ermias Alemayehu Beriso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000097169","display_name":"Fasil Bayafers Tamene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3026-6584","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3026-6584"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I916065895","display_name":"Debre Markos University","ror":"https://ror.org/04sbsx707","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I916065895"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fasil Bayafers Tamene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I916065895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117616755","display_name":"Teferi Bihonegn Melese","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4264-802X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4264-802X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Teferi Bihonegn Melese","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084085310","display_name":"Samuel Berihun Dagnew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-4551","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-4551"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117424","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Berihun Dagnew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Pharmacy Education and Clinical Services Directorate, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111111146"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210117424"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"1","first_page":"e004745","last_page":"e004745"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10496","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10496","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes","score":0.9355000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2717","display_name":"Geriatrics and Gerontology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11943","display_name":"Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions","score":0.03440000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12547","display_name":"Pharmaceutical studies and practices","score":0.01679999940097332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polypharmacy","display_name":"polypharmacy","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adverse-drug-reactions","display_name":"adverse drug reactions","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospitalized-children","display_name":"hospitalized children","score":0.9279999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medication-related-harm","display_name":"medication-related harm","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/off-label-drug-use","display_name":"off-label drug use","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunocompromised-children","display_name":"immunocompromised children","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-prescribers","display_name":"multiple prescribers","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antibiotic-use","display_name":"antibiotic use","score":0.4860000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intravenous-drugs","display_name":"intravenous medication","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/length-of-hospital-stay","display_name":"length of hospital stay","score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-costs","display_name":"health care costs","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-burden","display_name":"economic burden","score":0.46299999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northwest-ethiopia","display_name":"Northwest Ethiopia","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9132999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36434225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1895998","display_name":"Polypharmacy","level":2,"score":0.7530999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188816634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2113324","display_name":"Prospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.614799976348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.5496000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.423799991607666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50382708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223218","display_name":"Proportional hazards model","level":2,"score":0.3921000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.38769999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186282968","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434261","display_name":"McNemar's test","level":2,"score":0.3833000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3677000105381012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.3513000011444092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.34610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776484012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16251540","display_name":"Deprescribing","level":3,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197934379","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2047938","display_name":"Adverse effect","level":2,"score":0.32910001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.3257000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993432071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45959","display_name":"Drug reaction","level":3,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.31060001254081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3075999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65409693","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q425265","display_name":"Statistical significance","level":2,"score":0.2953999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.2676999866962433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.26669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778872837","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113614","display_name":"Overcrowding","level":2,"score":0.2660999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165617652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17071134","display_name":"Nested case-control study","level":3,"score":0.26089999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30036603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17125150","display_name":"Severity of illness","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005002","descriptor_name":"Ethiopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006760","descriptor_name":"Hospitalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011446","descriptor_name":"Prospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016022","descriptor_name":"Case-Control Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019338","descriptor_name":"Polypharmacy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064420","descriptor_name":"Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064420","descriptor_name":"Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306504555","display_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","issn_l":"2399-9772","issn":["2399-9772"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13504902","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13504902/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13504902/pdf/bmjpo-10-1.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Paediatr Open","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42613083","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42613083","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ paediatrics open","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2f3988943d8e42e5a536894d5748f26d","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2f3988943d8e42e5a536894d5748f26d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open, Vol 10, Iss 1 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2026-004745","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306504555","display_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","issn_l":"2399-9772","issn":["2399-9772"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-20","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319945","host_organization_name":"BMJ","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BMJ"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"BMJ Paediatrics Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331587","display_name":"Debre Tabor University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bzfxf13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203660158.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203660158.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W40041486","https://openalex.org/W110402639","https://openalex.org/W122320840","https://openalex.org/W186640681","https://openalex.org/W1484081358","https://openalex.org/W1615616856","https://openalex.org/W1887737698","https://openalex.org/W1970024336","https://openalex.org/W2040576008","https://openalex.org/W2052084025","https://openalex.org/W2054673787","https://openalex.org/W2067978628","https://openalex.org/W2073386434","https://openalex.org/W2073967477","https://openalex.org/W2084573912","https://openalex.org/W2085074082","https://openalex.org/W2093040387","https://openalex.org/W2101902419","https://openalex.org/W2110430868","https://openalex.org/W2131225010","https://openalex.org/W2135609841","https://openalex.org/W2145856390","https://openalex.org/W2156886529","https://openalex.org/W2161669645","https://openalex.org/W2164406831","https://openalex.org/W2467227824","https://openalex.org/W2610100066","https://openalex.org/W2739673397","https://openalex.org/W2809741215","https://openalex.org/W2810227481","https://openalex.org/W2891628765","https://openalex.org/W2898559532","https://openalex.org/W2912336443","https://openalex.org/W2912981628","https://openalex.org/W2919773337","https://openalex.org/W2943577737","https://openalex.org/W2970601657","https://openalex.org/W2998538261","https://openalex.org/W3093241065","https://openalex.org/W3095975416","https://openalex.org/W3134609302","https://openalex.org/W3159448021","https://openalex.org/W3176849696","https://openalex.org/W4205136705","https://openalex.org/W4283030436","https://openalex.org/W4293113370","https://openalex.org/W4309360388","https://openalex.org/W4313490863","https://openalex.org/W4313650576","https://openalex.org/W4320489699","https://openalex.org/W4377029372","https://openalex.org/W4400317944","https://openalex.org/W4408733606","https://openalex.org/W4410106149","https://openalex.org/W4412392174","https://openalex.org/W4414584551","https://openalex.org/W7125424095","https://openalex.org/W7130513727"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3111642303","https://openalex.org/W2073967477","https://openalex.org/W2040576008","https://openalex.org/W2093040387","https://openalex.org/W1615616856","https://openalex.org/W2051517959","https://openalex.org/W2410565026","https://openalex.org/W7125244418","https://openalex.org/W2086233011","https://openalex.org/W4397034312"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Medication-related":[1],"harm":[2,353],"in":[3,66,71,214,304,357],"children":[4,303,347],"is":[5,319],"a":[6,57,109],"major":[7],"global":[8],"public":[9],"health":[10],"concern,":[11],"with":[12,38,56,119,221,310,342],"adverse":[13],"drug":[14,147],"reactions":[15],"(ADRs)":[16],"contributing":[17],"substantially":[18],"to":[19,27,156,165,175,187,197,207,229,240,250,262,278,293,350],"morbidity":[20],"and":[21,41,45,83,199,218,252,280,307,314,329,338,354],"healthcare":[22,316],"costs.":[23,317],"This":[24],"study":[25,55],"aimed":[26],"estimate":[28],"ADR":[29,39,81,264],"incidence,":[30],"identify":[31],"determinants":[32,87],"of":[33,48,80,88,143,216,327,334,345],"polypharmacy,":[34],"examine":[35],"its":[36],"association":[37],"risk":[40,333],"assess":[42],"the":[43,91,100,325,332],"clinical":[44],"economic":[46,355],"impact":[47],"ADRs.":[49,335],"METHODS:":[50],"A":[51],"multicentre":[52],"prospective":[53],"cohort":[54],"nested":[58,92],"case-control":[59,93],"component":[60],"was":[61,115,212,219],"conducted":[62],"among":[63,301],"paediatric":[64,125,358],"inpatients":[65],"four":[67,177],"comprehensive":[68],"specialised":[69],"hospitals":[70],"Northwest":[72,305],"Ethiopia.":[73],"Cox":[74],"proportional":[75],"hazards":[76],"regression":[77,85],"identified":[78],"predictors":[79,142],"occurrence,":[82],"logistic":[84],"assessed":[86],"polypharmacy.":[89],"For":[90],"analysis,":[94],"categorical":[95],"outcomes":[96,105],"were":[97,106],"compared":[98,107],"using":[99,108],"McNemar":[101],"test,":[102],"while":[103],"continuous":[104],"generalised":[110],"linear":[111],"model.":[112],"Statistical":[113],"significance":[114],"set":[116],"at":[117,130],"p<0.05":[118],"95%":[120,153,162,172,184,194,204,226,237,247,259,275,290],"CIs.":[121],"RESULTS:":[122],"Among":[123],"1247":[124],"inpatients,":[126],"320":[127],"(25.7%)":[128],"experienced":[129],"least":[131],"one":[132],"ADR,":[133],"totalling":[134],"347":[135],"events":[136],"(22.5":[137],"per":[138],"1000":[139],"patient-days).":[140],"Independent":[141],"ADRs":[144,298],"included":[145],"off-label":[146],"use":[148,191],"(adjusted":[149],"HR":[150],"(AHR)":[151],"1.3,":[152],"CI":[154,163,173,185,195,205,227,238,248,260,276,291],"1.0":[155,174,206],"1.6),":[157],"immunocompromised":[158],"status":[159],"(AHR":[160,170,182,192,202],"1.6,":[161],"1.2":[164,186],"1.9),":[166,176],"three":[167],"disease":[168,180],"conditions":[169,181],"1.4,":[171,193,203],"or":[178],"more":[179],"1.9,":[183],"2.4),":[188],"systemic":[189],"anti-infective":[190],"1.1":[196,228,239],"1.8)":[198],"excessive":[200],"polypharmacy":[201],"1.9).":[208],"Polypharmacy":[209,318],"(\u22655":[210],"medications)":[211],"observed":[213],"56.7%":[215],"patients":[217],"associated":[220,309],"multiple":[222],"prescribers":[223],"(AOR":[224,235,245,257],"1.48,":[225],"2.0),":[230],"hospital":[231,268,312],"stay":[232,313],"\u226514":[233],"days":[234],"1.60,":[236],"2.6),":[241],"each":[242,253],"additional":[243,254],"antibiotic":[244],"2.5,":[246],"2.2":[249],"2.9)":[251],"intravenous":[255],"medication":[256],"2.6,":[258],"2.1":[261],"3.0).":[263],"cases":[265],"had":[266],"longer":[267],"stays":[269],"(15.7\u00b15.6":[270],"vs":[271,285],"12.2\u00b13.0":[272],"days;":[273],"\u03b2=0.213,":[274],"0.171":[277],"0.256)":[279],"higher":[281],"medical":[282],"costs":[283],"(6027\u00b11037.6":[284],"4483.8\u00b1703.9":[286],"Ethiopian":[287],"birr;":[288],"\u03b2=0.296,":[289],"0.270":[292],"0.322)":[294],"than":[295],"controls.":[296],"CONCLUSIONS:":[297],"are":[299,308],"common":[300],"hospitalised":[302],"Ethiopia":[306],"prolonged":[311],"increased":[315],"also":[320],"highly":[321],"prevalent,":[322],"driven":[323],"by":[324],"complexity":[326],"care,":[328],"independently":[330],"increases":[331],"Strengthening":[336],"pharmacovigilance":[337],"promoting":[339],"rational":[340],"prescribing":[341],"targeted":[343],"monitoring":[344],"high-risk":[346],"may":[348],"help":[349],"reduce":[351],"medication-related":[352],"burden":[356],"patients.":[359]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-14T11:04:58.165337","created_date":"2026-08-19T00:00:00"}