{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203630375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","title":"Low-Level Viremia and Spatial Heterogeneity Among Individuals on Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana: A Nationwide Study (2016\u20132022)","display_name":"Low-Level Viremia and Spatial Heterogeneity Among Individuals on Dolutegravir-Based Antiretroviral Therapy in Botswana: A Nationwide Study (2016\u20132022)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203630375","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605207","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13600376"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605207/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055839016","display_name":"Ontlametse Thato Bareng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8147-2193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8147-2193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ontlametse T Choga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8147-2193","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017983256","display_name":"Zvifadzo Matsena Zingoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7993-1187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7993-1187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zvifadzo Matsena-Zingoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biomedical Modeling, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biomedical Modeling, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080092053","display_name":"Wonderful Tatenda Choga","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-0569","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-0569"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}],"countries":["BW","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wonderful T Choga","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7606-0569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115818999","display_name":"Goitseone Martha Lemogang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5891-0461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5891-0461"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Goitseone M Lemogang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5891-0461","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003273402","display_name":"Catherine Kegakilwe Koofhethile","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-413X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-413X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine K Koofhethile","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115819003","display_name":"Thembinkosi M Shadreck","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thembinkosi M Shadreck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054388769","display_name":"Ava Avalos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-7072","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4111-7072"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ava Avalos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Careena Center for Health , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Careena Center for Health , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053340619","display_name":"Bornapate Nkomo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bornapate Nkomo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115819000","display_name":"Judith Nawa","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Judith Nawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007598764","display_name":"Tony Chebani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tony Chebani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054832044","display_name":"Max Kapanda","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140946","display_name":"Ministry of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04551r843","country_code":"BW","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}],"countries":["BW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Kapanda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Ministry of Health Department of HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140946"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085000841","display_name":"Gaerolwe R. Masheto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-9637","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-9637"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaerolwe Masheto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-9637","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057590991","display_name":"Joseph M. Makhema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-2438","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-2438"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Makhema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0017-2438","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089498228","display_name":"Sikhulile M. Moyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157273133","display_name":"University of Botswana","ror":"https://ror.org/01encsj80","country_code":"BW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26092322","display_name":"Stellenbosch University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bk57929","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I69552723","display_name":"University of Pretoria","ror":"https://ror.org/00g0p6g84","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}],"countries":["BW","US","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sikhulile Moyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3821-4592","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Professions, University of Botswana , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157273133"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology, Division of Medical Virology, Stellenbosch University , Cape Town ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26092322"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria , Pretoria ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I69552723"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006196630","display_name":"Sally M Blower","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4342-3911","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4342-3911"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sally Blower","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Biomedical Modeling, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Biomedical Modeling, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California , Los Angeles, California ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010657706","display_name":"Simani Gaseitsiwe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-3735","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-3735"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simani Gaseitsiwe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-3735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Botswana Harvard Health Partnership Research Laboratory, , Gaborone ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6085069,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"234","issue":"3","first_page":"373","last_page":"384"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.98580002784729,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10112","display_name":"HIV Research and Treatment","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2406","display_name":"Virology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-level-viremia","display_name":"low-level viremia","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv","display_name":"HIV","score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dolutegravir","display_name":"dolutegravir","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-line-antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"first-line antiretroviral therapy","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virologic-failure","display_name":"virological failure","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-heterogeneity","display_name":"spatial heterogeneity","score":0.9010000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botswana","display_name":"Botswana","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rural-residence","display_name":"rural residence","score":0.6060000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/male-sex","display_name":"male sex","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-load","display_name":"viral load","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-epidemic-control","display_name":"HIV epidemic control","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-rural-differences","display_name":"urban-rural differences","score":0.6140000224113464}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776185481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1425304","display_name":"Viremia","level":3,"score":0.8147000074386597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7193999886512756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.680899977684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53084192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1485121","display_name":"Gee","level":3,"score":0.6525999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5648999810218811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27403532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532474","display_name":"Generalized estimating equation","level":2,"score":0.47029998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.41850000619888306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.41830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.4180000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.4172999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777451964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2141450","display_name":"Seroconversion","level":3,"score":0.4146000146865845},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.41130000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.383899986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.3707999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107130276","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133805","display_name":"Epidemiology","level":2,"score":0.3073999881744385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.2856999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776939746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853451","display_name":"Men who have sex with men","level":4,"score":0.2689000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.25279998779296875}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000099226","descriptor_name":"Dolutegravir","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001902","descriptor_name":"Botswana","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008137","descriptor_name":"Longitudinal Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014766","descriptor_name":"Viremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014766","descriptor_name":"Viremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014766","descriptor_name":"Viremia","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000821","qualifier_name":"virology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019380","descriptor_name":"Anti-HIV Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019428","descriptor_name":"HIV Integrase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019562","descriptor_name":"Viral Load","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055815","descriptor_name":"Young Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062206","descriptor_name":"Spatial Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/infdis/jiag364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiag364","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S54542293","display_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"0022-1899","issn":["0022-1899","1537-6613"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42605207","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605207","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Journal of infectious diseases","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13600376","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605207/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Infect Dis","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13600376","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605207/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"J Infect Dis","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2005040290","display_name":"Using geospatial science to maximize the opportunity to access ART in Africa","funder_award_id":"R01AI167713","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3893419073","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K43 012848","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4199185844","display_name":"Developing Botswana Laboratory Capacity in HIV Genomics and HIV Cure","funder_award_id":"1g11tw012503-01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5960330298","display_name":"H3ABioNet:  a sustainable African Bioinformatics Network for H3Africa","funder_award_id":"U41HG006941","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","funder_display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6665868589","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CSA2020NoE-3104 TESAIII CSA2020NoE","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7835806756","display_name":"Africa Health Research Institute NPC - to provide support for innovative projects in HIV and TB prevention by an African-led consortium","funder_award_id":"INV-033558","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","funder_display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000026056","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"5G11TW012503","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000874350","display_name":"The Johns Hopkins Center for AIDS Research (JHU CFAR)","funder_award_id":"P30AI094189","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000887600","display_name":"Training in HIV Genomics, Treatment, and Cure Research in Botswana","funder_award_id":"D43TW009610","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","funder_display_name":"Fogarty International Center"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000896269","display_name":"Viral Diversity an Innovative Biomarker for Refining Estimates of HIV Incidence","funder_award_id":"K43TW012350","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","funder_display_name":"Fogarty International Center"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306137","display_name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0456r8d26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327323","display_name":"African Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05px9k635"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332582","display_name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334445","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University Press","ror":"https://ror.org/00s4mzv66"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337348","display_name":"National Human Genome Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00baak391"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337356","display_name":"Fogarty International Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02xey9a22"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1964867999","https://openalex.org/W1976828027","https://openalex.org/W1999886149","https://openalex.org/W2026553764","https://openalex.org/W2064703363","https://openalex.org/W2065202529","https://openalex.org/W2108653287","https://openalex.org/W2118681288","https://openalex.org/W2143924656","https://openalex.org/W2145004838","https://openalex.org/W2155695907","https://openalex.org/W2297278948","https://openalex.org/W2310218779","https://openalex.org/W2947607657","https://openalex.org/W3035789138","https://openalex.org/W3136451511","https://openalex.org/W4213087840","https://openalex.org/W4309107154","https://openalex.org/W4312574596","https://openalex.org/W4315927771","https://openalex.org/W4385076708","https://openalex.org/W4385142351","https://openalex.org/W4385727319","https://openalex.org/W4392577469","https://openalex.org/W4393345655","https://openalex.org/W4396581888","https://openalex.org/W4399073515","https://openalex.org/W4406169374","https://openalex.org/W4406408087","https://openalex.org/W4408463405"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4392409302","https://openalex.org/W4396581888","https://openalex.org/W4399073515","https://openalex.org/W4392409409","https://openalex.org/W4393631218","https://openalex.org/W4406198906","https://openalex.org/W7160039815","https://openalex.org/W4388601838","https://openalex.org/W4410535575","https://openalex.org/W4390674222"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,99,163],"study":[2],"uses":[3],"spatial":[4,249],"analysis":[5],"to":[6,30,59,89,113,128,277],"identify":[7],"factors":[8],"associated":[9,175,227],"with":[10,50,144,176,228,260],"human":[11],"immunodeficiency":[12],"virus":[13],"(HIV)":[14],"detectable":[15,102,132,142,181,232,252],"viremia":[16,70,84,182,280],"in":[17,34,63,119,186,251,257],"dolutegravir":[18],"(DTG)-based":[19],"first-line":[20,54],"antiretroviral":[21],"therapy":[22],"(ART),":[23],"which":[24],"is":[25,242,245],"crucial":[26],"for":[27,272],"targeted":[28],"interventions":[29,269],"sustain":[31],"epidemic":[32,284],"control":[33,285],"Botswana.":[35,120],"METHODS:":[36],"This":[37],"was":[38,71,136,174],"a":[39,44],"longitudinal":[40],"observational":[41],"cohort":[42],"utilizing":[43],"dataset":[45],"of":[46,101,131,140,146,180,189,193,231],"42":[47],"546":[48],"people":[49],"HIV":[51],"on":[52],"DTG-based":[53],"ART":[55],"from":[56,87,111,172],"June":[57],"2016":[58],"December":[60],"2022":[61,114],"enrolled":[62],"the":[64,187,287],"Botswana":[65],"National":[66],"Treatment":[67],"Program.":[68],"Detectable":[69],"defined":[72],"as":[73],"viral":[74],"load":[75],"(VL)":[76],">50":[77],"copies/mL":[78],"and":[79,92,105,115,157,183,217,235,254,263,275,281],"further":[80,278],"classified":[81],"into":[82],"low-level":[83],"(LLV;":[85],"VL":[86,96],"51":[88],"999":[90],"copies/mL)":[91],"virologic":[93],"failure":[94],"(VF;":[95],"\u22651000":[97],"copies/mL).":[98],"rates":[100,145],"viremia,":[103,143,233,253],"LLV,":[104,190,234],"VF":[106,194,236,241],"were":[107,126,225],"stratified":[108],"by":[109,117,196],"year":[110,171],"2017":[112,173],"mapped":[116],"districts":[118],"Generalized":[121],"estimating":[122],"equation":[123],"(GEE)":[124],"models":[125,202],"utilized":[127],"evaluate":[129],"odds":[130,179,188,192,208,230,256],"viremia.":[133],"RESULTS:":[134],"There":[135],"an":[137],"overall":[138],"trend":[139,166],"increasing":[141],"6.7%":[147],"(2017),":[148],"5.6%":[149],"(2018),":[150],"4.7%":[151],"(2019),":[152],"7.1%":[153],"(2020),":[154],"13.5%":[155],"(2021),":[156],"11.2%":[158],"(2022)":[159],"(P":[160],"<":[161],".001).":[162],"linear":[164],"annual":[165],"showed":[167,203],"that":[168,204],"each":[169],"additional":[170],"23%":[177],"increased":[178],"50%":[184],"increase":[185],"while":[191],"decreased":[195],"6%":[197],"per":[198],"year.":[199],"Repeated-measures":[200],"GEE":[201],"male":[205],"sex":[206],"(adjusted":[207],"ratio":[209],"[aOR],":[210],"1.36":[211],"[95%":[212,222],"confidence":[213],"interval":[214],"{CI},":[215],"1.30-1.43])":[216],"rural":[218,261],"residence":[219],"(aOR,":[220],"1.10":[221],"CI,":[223],"1.05-1.16])":[224],"consistently":[226],"higher":[229,255],"over":[237],"follow-up.":[238],"CONCLUSIONS:":[239],"While":[240],"declining,":[243],"LLV":[244],"increasing.":[246],"We":[247],"observed":[248],"heterogeneity":[250],"males,":[258],"those":[259],"residence,":[262],"young":[264],"individuals":[265],"(18-35":[266],"years).":[267],"Targeted":[268],"are":[270],"necessary":[271],"high-risk":[273],"groups":[274],"regions":[276],"suppress":[279],"achieve":[282],"sustained":[283],"beyond":[286],"UNAIDS":[288],"95-95-95":[289],"targets.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2026-08-18T00:00:00"}
