{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203626326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","title":"WAFMGAN: A frequency\u2010aware CycleGAN for structure\u2010consistent virtual staining of transmission electron microscopy images","display_name":"WAFMGAN: A frequency\u2010aware CycleGAN for structure\u2010consistent virtual staining of transmission electron microscopy images","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203626326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42607013","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13535911"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/jmi.70155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168975578","display_name":"Journal of Microscopy","issn_l":"0022-2720","issn":["0022-2720","1365-2818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Microscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13535911/pdf/JMI-303-289.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000079121","display_name":"Haibin Wan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-0462","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-0462"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Wan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2560-0462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147337856","display_name":"Weizhi Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4711-8579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4711-8579"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weizhi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4711-8579","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147327360","display_name":"Yongye Zhu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongye Zhu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer and Electronic Information Guangxi University Nanning China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"],"apc_list":{"value":4760,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4760},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51075083,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"303","issue":"3","first_page":"289","last_page":"311"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9101999998092651,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.04749999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.021299999207258224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-staining","display_name":"virtual staining","score":0.8640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission-electron-microscopy","display_name":"transmission electron microscopy","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyclegan","display_name":"CycleGAN","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mamba","display_name":"Mamba","score":0.6940000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unpaired-image-to-image-translation","display_name":"unpaired image-to-image translation","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-contrast-enhancement","display_name":"image contrast enhancement","score":0.47999998927116394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74864618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2332446","display_name":"Staining","level":2,"score":0.5389999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146088050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744818","display_name":"Transmission electron microscopy","level":2,"score":0.49160000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.4641999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.444599986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778143727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820650","display_name":"Readability","level":2,"score":0.4196000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40639999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.4034999907016754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47432892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831390","display_name":"Wavelet","level":2,"score":0.39890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781195486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q289436","display_name":"Texture (cosmology)","level":3,"score":0.396699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.37540000677108765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.37229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125245961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221656","display_name":"Brightness","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.3653999865055084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93877712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132560","display_name":"Electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.33329999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.33320000767707825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186060115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30336093","display_name":"Biological system","level":1,"score":0.32199999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778576202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2540164","display_name":"Sample preparation","level":2,"score":0.2784000039100647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102519508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6520159","display_name":"Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.2766999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.265500009059906}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007668","descriptor_name":"Kidney","qualifier_ui":"Q000648","qualifier_name":"ultrastructure","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013194","descriptor_name":"Staining and Labeling","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D046529","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Electron, Transmission","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/jmi.70155","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jmi.70155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168975578","display_name":"Journal of Microscopy","issn_l":"0022-2720","issn":["0022-2720","1365-2818"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Microscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42607013","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42607013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of microscopy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13535911","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13535911/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13535911/pdf/JMI-303-289.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Microsc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13535911","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13535911/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13535911/pdf/JMI-303-289.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Microsc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203626326.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203626326.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003370853","https://openalex.org/W2132984323","https://openalex.org/W2505049510","https://openalex.org/W2909488080","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963494934","https://openalex.org/W3035006120","https://openalex.org/W3108316907","https://openalex.org/W3109957618","https://openalex.org/W3173268697","https://openalex.org/W3181955432","https://openalex.org/W3203605797","https://openalex.org/W4213255120","https://openalex.org/W4226334005","https://openalex.org/W4290802752","https://openalex.org/W4308372330","https://openalex.org/W4312832682","https://openalex.org/W4317107673","https://openalex.org/W4378804433","https://openalex.org/W4387640467","https://openalex.org/W4389326242","https://openalex.org/W4390692592","https://openalex.org/W4392754499","https://openalex.org/W4402716415","https://openalex.org/W4402952320","https://openalex.org/W4403791295","https://openalex.org/W4406457474","https://openalex.org/W4413146346","https://openalex.org/W4415796023","https://openalex.org/W7131412146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7164810630","https://openalex.org/W7215069326","https://openalex.org/W4378804433","https://openalex.org/W4385624264","https://openalex.org/W4387640467","https://openalex.org/W4406740470","https://openalex.org/W4224026148","https://openalex.org/W7027697941","https://openalex.org/W4318035722","https://openalex.org/W4393102031"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ABSTRACT":[0],"Conventional":[1],"transmission":[2],"electron":[3],"microscopy":[4],"(TEM)":[5],"staining":[6,41,80],"improves":[7,195],"image":[8],"contrast":[9],"but":[10],"requires":[11],"additional":[12],"sample":[13],"preparation,":[14],"consumes":[15],"reagents":[16],"and":[17,19,32,82,96,112,122,136,143,146,178,187,198],"tissue,":[18],"may":[20],"introduce":[21],"deformation,":[22],"local":[23],"mismatch,":[24],"or":[25],"tissue":[26,176],"loss.":[27],"When":[28],"strictly":[29],"paired":[30],"stained":[31],"unstained":[33,51,219],"sections":[34],"are":[35],"difficult":[36],"to":[37,125],"obtain,":[38],"unpaired":[39],"virtual":[40],"provides":[42,209],"a":[43,65,87,113,210],"practical":[44],"route":[45],"for":[46,77,93,214],"improving":[47,215],"the":[48,100,128,184,216],"readability":[49,217],"of":[50,110,115,120,139,156,218],"TEM":[52,103,220],"images":[53,221],"while":[54,201,222],"retaining":[55],"correspondence":[56],"with":[57,86],"source\u2010image":[58,204,224],"structural":[59,84,205,225],"cues.":[60,226],"This":[61],"paper":[62],"presents":[63],"WAFMGAN,":[64],"frequency\u2010aware":[66,212],"CycleGAN":[67,172],"framework":[68],"that":[69,193],"combines":[70],"Wavelet":[71],"Asymmetric":[72],"Frequency":[73],"Mamba":[74],"(WAFM)":[75],"blocks":[76],"low\u2010frequency\u2010dominant":[78],"global":[79],"transfer":[81],"long\u2010range":[83],"coordination":[85],"Frequency\u2010Adaptive":[88],"Gated":[89],"Refinement":[90],"(FAGR)":[91],"block":[92],"later\u2010stage":[94],"boundary":[95],"texture":[97],"refinement.":[98],"On":[99],"mouse":[101],"renal":[102],"test":[104],"set,":[105],"WAFMGAN":[106,131,194,207],"achieved":[107,132],"an":[108],"FID":[109],"14.8064":[111],"KID()":[114],"0.5074":[116],"0.0417,":[117],"representing":[118],"reductions":[119],"23.0%":[121],"47.3%":[123],"relative":[124],"CycleGAN.":[126],"At":[127],"original\u2010micrograph\u2010pair":[129],"level,":[130],"SSIM,":[133],"MS\u2010SSIM,":[134],"CSS,":[135],"Gradient\u2010SSIM":[137],"values":[138],"0.9796,":[140],"0.9874,":[141],"0.9825,":[142],"0.9889,":[144],"respectively,":[145],"all":[147,174],"four":[148,175],"structure\u2010related":[149],"metrics":[150],"were":[151],"significantly":[152],"higher":[153],"than":[154,171],"those":[155],"every":[157],"evaluated":[158],"baseline":[159],"after":[160],"Holm\u2013Bonferroni":[161],"correction.":[162],"Output\u2010level":[163],"frequency":[164,199],"analysis":[165],"further":[166],"showed":[167],"lower":[168,179],"wavelet\u2010domain":[169],"discrepancy":[170,182],"on":[173,183],"sets":[177],"high\u2010frequency":[180],"Fourier":[181],"renal,":[185],"heart,":[186],"liver":[188],"sets.":[189],"These":[190],"results":[191],"demonstrate":[192],"stained\u2010domain":[196],"distribution":[197],"matching":[200],"maintaining":[202,223],"strong":[203],"consistency.":[206],"therefore":[208],"useful":[211],"approach":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-18T00:00:00"}
