{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203623213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","title":"Investigation of Hybrid RF/FSO Communication System in Snowy Weather Link","display_name":"Investigation of Hybrid RF/FSO Communication System in Snowy Weather Link","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203623213","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","pdf_url":"https://journals.stecab.com/index.php/jemr/article/download/2078/1017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669873","display_name":"Journal of exceptional multidisciplinary research.","issn_l":"3007-8407","issn":["3007-8407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Exceptional Multidisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W7203623213"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://journals.stecab.com/index.php/jemr/article/download/2078/1017","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052743","display_name":"Zainab A. Hamoudi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090457","display_name":"Al-Nisour University","ror":"https://ror.org/0183g0e10","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090457"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zainab A. Hamoudi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology and Sonography, College of Health & Medical Technologies, Al-Nisour University, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology and Sonography, College of Health & Medical Technologies, Al-Nisour University, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019648164","display_name":"Roonak Abdul Salam A. Alkareem","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-4148","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-4148"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15873915","display_name":"Mustansiriyah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s04wy35","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Roonak Abdul Salam A. Alkareem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9556-4148","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133298787","display_name":"Mazin Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-0953","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-0953"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15873915","display_name":"Mustansiriyah University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s04wy35","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mazin Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019648164"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15873915"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"15","last_page":"21"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11429","display_name":"Semiconductor Lasers and Optical Devices","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10232","display_name":"Optical Network Technologies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/free-space-optical-communication","display_name":"free-space optical communication","score":0.9750000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowfall","display_name":"snowfall","score":0.36500000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-fading","display_name":"atmospheric fading","score":0.7509999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup-links","display_name":"backup links","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"bit error rate","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-rate","display_name":"data rate","score":0.7689999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation-schemes","display_name":"modulation schemes","score":0.7070000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nrz-ook","display_name":"NRZ-OOK","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/return-to-zero-on-off-keying","display_name":"RZ-OOK","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-availability","display_name":"link availability","score":0.5249999761581421}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197000039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2027432","display_name":"Free-space optical communication","level":3,"score":0.6922000050544739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.6843000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.6233999729156494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986660100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172466","display_name":"Communication link","level":2,"score":0.6209999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.6114000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129404179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469765","display_name":"Optical communication","level":2,"score":0.5443999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.5354999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12430449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7280888","display_name":"Radio Link Protocol","level":3,"score":0.4830999970436096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777226104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7098866","display_name":"Optical link","level":3,"score":0.4438000023365021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182132293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172466","display_name":"Data link","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4268999993801117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778753846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6554239","display_name":"Link (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.3711000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.3700999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3562999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3540000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.34450000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74064498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3396184","display_name":"Radio frequency","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3260999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183121708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209867","display_name":"Telemetry","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9021358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852799","display_name":"Rain and snow mixed","level":3,"score":0.30720001459121704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019438356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155028","display_name":"High data rate","level":3,"score":0.29829999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50897621","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2665508","display_name":"Hybrid system","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2635999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.2630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31352089","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3750474","display_name":"Systems design","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132771110","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506922","display_name":"Adaptive optics","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94137725","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509342","display_name":"Link budget","level":3,"score":0.25029999017715454}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","pdf_url":"https://journals.stecab.com/index.php/jemr/article/download/2078/1017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669873","display_name":"Journal of exceptional multidisciplinary research.","issn_l":"3007-8407","issn":["3007-8407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Exceptional Multidisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.69739/jemr.v3i2.2078","pdf_url":"https://journals.stecab.com/index.php/jemr/article/download/2078/1017","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4404669873","display_name":"Journal of exceptional multidisciplinary research.","issn_l":"3007-8407","issn":["3007-8407"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Exceptional Multidisciplinary Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.4399999976158142,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.428600013256073,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203623213.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203623213.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2053514180","https://openalex.org/W2099216221","https://openalex.org/W2118084789","https://openalex.org/W4396623882","https://openalex.org/W4408077527","https://openalex.org/W4409728936"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4318716968","https://openalex.org/W4361294502","https://openalex.org/W2134535361","https://openalex.org/W4412129647","https://openalex.org/W2767087183","https://openalex.org/W2144986171","https://openalex.org/W2073389969","https://openalex.org/W1500868717","https://openalex.org/W2773733025","https://openalex.org/W2945562743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"FSO":[1,22,56,85],"communication":[2,9,52],"system":[3,174],"is":[4,58,102,168],"a":[5,41,83,119,126,142,149,172],"line-of-sight":[6],"method":[7],"of":[8,36,67,110,121,129,144,152,159],"between":[10],"an":[11,15],"optical":[12,16],"transmitter":[13],"and":[14,72,89,97,107,116,138],"receiver":[17],"through":[18],"the":[19,55,105,111,122,133,136,145,157,160,192],"atmosphere.":[20],"The":[21,64,100],"delivers":[23],"higher":[24],"data":[25,47,108,139],"speeds":[26],"than":[27],"RF,":[28],"although":[29],"atmospheric":[30,62],"fading":[31],"reduces":[32],"link":[33,57,123,150,163],"availability.":[34,79],"Use":[35],"backup":[37,73],"links":[38,77],"may":[39],"offer":[40],"solution,":[42],"along":[43],"with":[44,86,104],"providing":[45],"similar":[46],"rates,":[48],"by":[49],"ensuring":[50],"continuous":[51],"even":[53],"when":[54],"compromised":[59],"due":[60],"to":[61,156,186],"conditions.":[63],"hybrid":[65,173],"networks":[66],"Free":[68],"Space":[69],"Optics":[70],"(FSO)":[71],"radio":[74],"frequency":[75],"(RF)":[76],"enhance":[78],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"describes":[82],"multi-function":[84],"1550":[87],"nm":[88],"RF":[90,162],"connections":[91],"in":[92,175,182,191],"1":[93,166],"GHz,":[94,96],"5":[95],"10":[98],"GHz.":[99],"simulation":[101],"done":[103],"BER":[106,137],"rate":[109,128,140,147],"modulation":[112,188],"formats":[113,189],"NRZ-OOK,":[114],"L-PPM,":[115],"RZ-OOK":[117],"as":[118,141],"function":[120,143],"distance":[124,151],"at":[125,165],"snow":[127,146],"25":[130],"mm/hr.":[131],"Additionally,":[132],"study":[134],"simulated":[135],"for":[148,171],"2.5":[153],"km.":[154],"According":[155],"results":[158],"simulation,":[161],"performance":[164],"GHz":[167],"better":[169],"suited":[170],"snowy":[176,183],"weather":[177,184],"circumstances.":[178],"L-PPM":[179],"performed":[180],"best":[181],"relative":[185],"other":[187],"examined":[190],"simulation.":[193]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-18T00:00:00"}