{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203601182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","title":"Multivariate patterns of trace elements in anemia during pregnancy: Insights from principal component analysis in a hospital\u2010based study from North India","display_name":"Multivariate patterns of trace elements in anemia during pregnancy: Insights from principal component analysis in a hospital\u2010based study from North India","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203601182","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/ijgo.71299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216427","display_name":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics","issn_l":"0020-6695","issn":["0020-6695","0020-7292","1879-3479"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147366067","display_name":"Hadiqa Hilal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0751-2865","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0751-2865"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210107565","display_name":"Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01df9ep43","country_code":"IN","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210107565"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadiqa Hilal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obgyn Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0751-2865","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obgyn Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210107565"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061487594","display_name":"Ayesha Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-158X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-158X","https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5213-7718"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152575","display_name":"Career Institute Of Medical & Dental Sciences and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04e57v876","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337315214","https://openalex.org/I4210152575"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ayesha Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obgyn Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2324-158X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obgyn Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046556675","display_name":"Suman Nishad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-6484","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-6484"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152575","display_name":"Career Institute Of Medical & Dental Sciences and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04e57v876","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1337315214","https://openalex.org/I4210152575"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Suman Nishad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obgyn Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-6484","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obgyn Career Institute of Medical Sciences and Hospital  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152575"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147350007","display_name":"M. Faheem Khan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Faheem Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biotechnology Era University Lucknow  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biotechnology Era University Lucknow  Lucknow Uttar Pradesh India","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046556675"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152575"],"apc_list":{"value":4480,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4480},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10452","display_name":"Iron Metabolism and Disorders","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2720","display_name":"Hematology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10915","display_name":"Trace Elements in Health","score":0.11879999935626984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2916","display_name":"Nutrition and Dietetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/29","display_name":"Nursing"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11418","display_name":"Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anemia-in-pregnancy","display_name":"anemia in pregnancy","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trace-elements","display_name":"trace elements","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-deficiency","display_name":"iron deficiency","score":0.8309999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/serum-trace-element-concentrations","display_name":"serum trace element concentrations","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selenium","display_name":"selenium","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.9570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnesium","display_name":"magnesium","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.9580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cobalt","display_name":"cobalt","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium","display_name":"chromium","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemoglobin","display_name":"hemoglobin","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/micronutrient-interactions","display_name":"micronutrient interactions","score":0.6439999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron-supplementation","display_name":"iron supplementation","score":0.7789999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6635000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778248108","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5445","display_name":"Anemia","level":2,"score":0.6599000096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34682378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q351792","display_name":"Trace element","level":2,"score":0.5921000242233276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778917026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43041","display_name":"Hemoglobin","level":2,"score":0.5473999977111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777417653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1313081","display_name":"Iron deficiency","level":3,"score":0.4936999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.49309998750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161584116","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate statistics","level":2,"score":0.4896000027656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776732101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954674","display_name":"Iron-deficiency anemia","level":3,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38180746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1952580","display_name":"Multivariate analysis","level":2,"score":0.4706000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.4666999876499176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535196362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q758","display_name":"Zinc","level":2,"score":0.3937999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.37869998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553756173","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876","display_name":"Selenium","level":2,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779875672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2537479","display_name":"Serum iron","level":3,"score":0.373199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.35260000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C528890316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q731","display_name":"Manganese","level":2,"score":0.33730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165697059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900680","display_name":"Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","level":3,"score":0.3305000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778653478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054718","display_name":"Kidney disease","level":2,"score":0.3278000056743622},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C515602321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740","display_name":"Cobalt","level":2,"score":0.30649998784065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778566039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7831165","display_name":"Trace metal","level":3,"score":0.30640000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75291252","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1315756","display_name":"TRACE (psycholinguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109159458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q919283","display_name":"Haematopoiesis","level":3,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134018914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606","display_name":"Endocrinology","level":1,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/ijgo.71299","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.71299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210216427","display_name":"International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics","issn_l":"0020-6695","issn":["0020-6695","0020-7292","1879-3479"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Gynecology &amp; Obstetrics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42605875","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42605875","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of gynaecology and obstetrics: the official organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.40450000762939453}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2761128331","https://openalex.org/W2995308237","https://openalex.org/W3003843695","https://openalex.org/W3040804626","https://openalex.org/W3146940775","https://openalex.org/W4281763927","https://openalex.org/W4310456554","https://openalex.org/W4366208729","https://openalex.org/W4379093343","https://openalex.org/W4396532145","https://openalex.org/W4396677301","https://openalex.org/W4403431866","https://openalex.org/W4404469147","https://openalex.org/W4408061970","https://openalex.org/W4412975445"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W116550873","https://openalex.org/W54452215","https://openalex.org/W4417495695","https://openalex.org/W7097025878","https://openalex.org/W6968603461","https://openalex.org/W7216529332","https://openalex.org/W2375216897","https://openalex.org/W4205563546","https://openalex.org/W1969308815","https://openalex.org/W4415687522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"Anemia":[1],"in":[2,45,79,191,208,238],"pregnancy":[3],"is":[4],"traditionally":[5],"attributed":[6],"to":[7,20,137],"iron":[8,85,196,231],"deficiency,":[9],"but":[10],"emerging":[11],"evidence":[12],"highlights":[13],"the":[14,203,213],"contribution":[15],"of":[16,41,84,174,188,206,216,224],"other":[17],"trace":[18,43,189,217],"elements":[19,44,190],"hematopoiesis":[21],"and":[22,47,51,99,118,157,179,185],"oxidative":[23],"defense.":[24],"Limited":[25],"studies":[26],"from":[27],"India":[28],"have":[29],"systematically":[30],"evaluated":[31],"their":[32],"multivariate":[33],"interactions.":[34],"AIM:":[35],"This":[36,62],"study":[37,65],"assesses":[38],"serum":[39,130],"concentrations":[40,83],"eight":[42],"anemic":[46],"non-anemic":[48],"pregnant":[49,68],"women":[50,69,126],"identifies":[52],"latent":[53],"clustering":[54],"patterns":[55],"using":[56,104,113],"principal":[57],"component":[58],"analysis":[59],"(PCA).":[60],"METHODS:":[61],"hospital-based":[63],"cross-sectional":[64],"enrolled":[66],"100":[67],"(<":[70],"14":[71],"weeks":[72],"gestation)":[73],"at":[74],"a":[75],"tertiary":[76],"care":[77],"center":[78],"Lucknow,":[80],"India.":[81,239],"Serum":[82],"(Fe),":[86],"zinc":[87],"(Zn),":[88],"copper":[89],"(Cu),":[90],"selenium":[91],"(Se),":[92],"magnesium":[93],"(Mg),":[94],"manganese":[95],"(Mn),":[96],"cobalt":[97],"(Co),":[98],"chromium":[100],"(Cr)":[101],"were":[102,111],"measured":[103],"inductively":[105],"coupled":[106],"plasma":[107],"mass":[108],"spectrometry.":[109],"Data":[110],"analyzed":[112],"independent":[114],"t-tests,":[115],"Pearson's":[116],"correlation,":[117],"PCA":[119,168,211],"with":[120,149,160],"exploratory":[121],"factor":[122],"analysis.":[123],"RESULTS:":[124],"Anemic":[125],"had":[127],"significantly":[128],"lower":[129],"Fe":[131,150],"(43.10":[132],"\u00b1":[133,140],"26.47":[134],"\u03bcg/dL)":[135],"compared":[136],"controls":[138],"(77.88":[139],"37.71":[141],"\u03bcg/dL,":[142],"P":[143,154,165],"<":[144,155,166],"0.001).":[145],"Hemoglobin":[146],"correlated":[147],"positively":[148],"(r":[151,162],"=":[152,163],"+0.590,":[153],"0.01)":[156],"weakly,":[158],"negatively":[159],"Cu":[161],"-0.201,":[164],"0.05).":[167],"revealed":[169],"four":[170],"clusters":[171,182],"explaining":[172],"70.7%":[173],"variance:":[175],"Fe-Zn-Se,":[176],"Mn-Cr,":[177],"Mg-Co,":[178],"Cu.":[180],"These":[181],"suggest":[183],"synergistic":[184],"competitive":[186],"roles":[187],"red":[192],"cell":[193],"metabolism":[194],"beyond":[195],"deficiency":[197,201],"alone.":[198],"CONCLUSION:":[199],"Iron":[200],"remains":[202],"predominant":[204],"cause":[205],"anemia":[207,225,236],"pregnancy.":[209],"However,":[210],"underscores":[212],"collective":[214],"influence":[215],"element":[218],"clusters,":[219],"highlighting":[220],"potential":[221],"secondary":[222],"modulators":[223],"risk.":[226],"Broader":[227],"micronutrient-based":[228],"strategies,":[229],"alongside":[230],"supplementation,":[232],"might":[233],"improve":[234],"maternal":[235],"outcomes":[237]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-08-18T00:00:00"}
