{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203596544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","title":"Fabrication and Characterization of Ti-Nb Coatings by an Electron-Beam Surface Alloying","display_name":"Fabrication and Characterization of Ti-Nb Coatings by an Electron-Beam Surface Alloying","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203596544","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/coatings16080974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205742","display_name":"Coatings","issn_l":"2079-6412","issn":["2079-6412"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Coatings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019017641","display_name":"Ivana Ilievska","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Ilievska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091980905","display_name":"Fatme Padikova","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatme Padikova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052201127","display_name":"Georgi Kotlarski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-5937","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-5937"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgi Kotlarski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6745-5937","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106808470","display_name":"Edmon Lazarov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58918642","display_name":"Sofia University \"St. Kliment Ohridski\"","ror":"https://ror.org/02jv3k292","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58918642"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmon Lazarov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Physics, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Physics, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 5 James Bourchier Blvd, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58918642"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090529049","display_name":"Borislav Stoyanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-7679","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-7679"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Borislav Stoyanov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Department of Industrial Design and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Gabrovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1130-7679","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Design and Textile Engineering, Technical University of Gabrovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020243263","display_name":"Lyubomira Veleva","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8200-9721","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8200-9721"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39995536","display_name":"Shumen University","ror":"https://ror.org/03yht3k11","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39995536"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lyubomira Veleva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Natural Sciences, University of Shumen Konstantin Preslavsky, 115 Universitetska Str., 9700 Shumen, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8200-9721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Shumen Konstantin Preslavsky, 115 Universitetska Str., 9700 Shumen, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39995536"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062462337","display_name":"Angel P. Anchev","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4012-7236","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4012-7236"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Angel Anchev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Department of Material Science and Mechanics of Materials, Technical University of Gabrovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4012-7236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Material Science and Mechanics of Materials, Technical University of Gabrovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033488457","display_name":"Maria Ormanova","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-4313","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1154-4313"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maria Ormanova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083928155","display_name":"Stefan Valkov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-0549","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-0549"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24768866","display_name":"Bulgarian Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01x8hew03","country_code":"BG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210117802","display_name":"Institute of Electronics","ror":"https://ror.org/0299eyn73","country_code":"BG","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I64251745","display_name":"Technical University of Gabrovo","ror":"https://ror.org/028d5by70","country_code":"BG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]}],"countries":["BG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stefan Valkov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0416-0549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center of Competence \u201cSmart Mechatronic, Eco- and Energy-Saving Systems and Technologies\u201d, 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Technical University of Garbovo, 4 H. Dimitar Str., 5300 Gabrovo, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I64251745"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Electronics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72 Tzarigradsko Chaussee Blvd., 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019017641","https://openalex.org/A5083928155"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24768866","https://openalex.org/I4210117802","https://openalex.org/I64251745"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"974","last_page":"974"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13470","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Coatings","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13470","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Coatings","score":0.9047999978065491,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11442","display_name":"Titanium Alloys Microstructure and Properties","score":0.0892999991774559,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12106","display_name":"Surface Treatment and Residual Stress","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ti-nb-alloys","display_name":"Ti-Nb alloys","score":0.8679999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coatings","display_name":"surface coating","score":0.5809999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commercially-pure-titanium","display_name":"commercially pure titanium","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orthodontic-materials","display_name":"orthodontic materials","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetron-sputtering","display_name":"magnetron sputtering","score":0.7829999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beam-power","display_name":"beam power","score":0.5299999713897705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-composition","display_name":"phase composition","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microstructure","display_name":"microstructure","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardness","display_name":"hardness","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-s-modulus","display_name":"Young's modulus","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biocompatibility","display_name":"biocompatibility","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dental-applications","display_name":"dental applications","score":0.4569999873638153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8810999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.6870999932289124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136525101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5428139","display_name":"Fabrication","level":3,"score":0.589900016784668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777230088","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864426","display_name":"Biocompatibility","level":2,"score":0.5651999711990356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.5612999796867371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5016999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506065880","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716","display_name":"Titanium","level":2,"score":0.48069998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.42489999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8953137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3300719","display_name":"Titanium alloy","level":3,"score":0.3896999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7645993","display_name":"Surface modification","level":2,"score":0.3847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.3799000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.35989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165720898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3150000","display_name":"Indentation hardness","level":3,"score":0.35920000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25442681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28087","display_name":"Auger electron spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3434000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.3246000111103058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61427134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847609","display_name":"Sputter deposition","level":4,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.31679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207114421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133900","display_name":"Diffraction","level":2,"score":0.3147999942302704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123408415","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194154","display_name":"Cavity magnetron","level":4,"score":0.3109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77557913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864822","display_name":"Electron diffraction","level":3,"score":0.30320000648498535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147438087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q386334","display_name":"Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy","level":3,"score":0.296999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146088050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744818","display_name":"Transmission electron microscopy","level":2,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95312477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207340","display_name":"Cathode ray","level":3,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42698342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236003","display_name":"Hardness","level":2,"score":0.2734000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196029304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2091584","display_name":"Young's modulus","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197751951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1046363","display_name":"Surface layer","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/coatings16080974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205742","display_name":"Coatings","issn_l":"2079-6412","issn":["2079-6412"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Coatings","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/coatings16080974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings16080974","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210205742","display_name":"Coatings","issn_l":"2079-6412","issn":["2079-6412"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Coatings","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7732410669","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BG16RFPR002- 1.014-0005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1855694265","https://openalex.org/W1978616686","https://openalex.org/W1981696544","https://openalex.org/W2009691576","https://openalex.org/W2052111549","https://openalex.org/W2060157042","https://openalex.org/W2067112533","https://openalex.org/W2071026709","https://openalex.org/W2072103260","https://openalex.org/W2128784311","https://openalex.org/W2138960444","https://openalex.org/W2579183465","https://openalex.org/W2905076228","https://openalex.org/W2916011195","https://openalex.org/W3086352575","https://openalex.org/W3106910249","https://openalex.org/W3169753626","https://openalex.org/W3190908876","https://openalex.org/W3208267689","https://openalex.org/W4200151014","https://openalex.org/W4224233086","https://openalex.org/W4285012970","https://openalex.org/W4322721499","https://openalex.org/W4404061870","https://openalex.org/W4410480452"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7128381341","https://openalex.org/W2594352842","https://openalex.org/W2903969894","https://openalex.org/W2994923315","https://openalex.org/W2883396513","https://openalex.org/W4285012970","https://openalex.org/W7034407697","https://openalex.org/W2783943878","https://openalex.org/W2990822701","https://openalex.org/W4319979425"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ti\u2013Nb":[0,37,184],"alloys":[1,39,186],"are":[2],"widely":[3],"recognized":[4],"as":[5,46],"highly":[6],"promising":[7],"materials":[8,52],"for":[9,196],"orthodontic":[10,198],"applications":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,121],"their":[14,55,193],"excellent":[15],"functional":[16],"properties,":[17],"including":[18],"superior":[19],"biocompatibility":[20],"and":[21,57,118,141,165,180,191,199],"a":[22,84],"relatively":[23],"low":[24],"Young\u2019s":[25,166],"modulus":[26],"that":[27,30],"better":[28],"matches":[29],"of":[31,36,50,129,163,170,176,183],"human":[32],"bone.":[33],"The":[34,126,168],"formation":[35],"surface":[38,48,79,185],"or":[40],"surface-modified":[41],"layers":[42],"is":[43],"particularly":[44],"attractive,":[45],"the":[47,63,93,103,130,174,178],"properties":[49,158,182],"biomedical":[51],"strongly":[53],"influence":[54],"mechanical":[56,181],"biological":[58],"interactions":[59],"during":[60],"service.":[61],"In":[62],"present":[64],"study,":[65],"Ti-Nb":[66,123],"coatings":[67],"were":[68,105,144,159],"fabricated":[69],"on":[70],"commercially":[71],"pure":[72],"titanium":[73],"substrates":[74,95],"using":[75,146],"an":[76],"electron":[77,109,148],"beam":[78,110,113],"treatment":[80],"(EBST)":[81],"technique.":[82],"Initially,":[83],"1":[85],"\u03bcm":[86],"thick":[87],"Nb":[88],"layer":[89],"was":[90,133],"deposited":[91],"onto":[92],"Ti":[94],"by":[96,135],"direct":[97],"current":[98],"(DC)":[99],"magnetron":[100],"sputtering.":[101],"Subsequently,":[102],"samples":[104],"modified":[106],"through":[107,187],"scanning":[108,147],"irradiation,":[111],"with":[112,152],"power":[114],"varied":[115],"between":[116],"1000":[117],"2000":[119],"W":[120],"promote":[122],"alloyed":[124],"layers.":[125],"phase":[127],"composition":[128,143],"resulting":[131],"structures":[132],"analyzed":[134],"X-ray":[136,154],"diffraction":[137],"(XRD).":[138],"Microstructural":[139],"characteristics":[140],"chemical":[142],"examined":[145],"microscopy":[149],"(SEM)":[150],"coupled":[151],"energy-dispersive":[153],"spectroscopy":[155],"(EDS).":[156],"Mechanical":[157],"evaluated":[160],"in":[161],"terms":[162],"hardness":[164],"modulus.":[167],"findings":[169],"this":[171],"study":[172],"demonstrate":[173],"feasibility":[175],"tailoring":[177],"structural":[179],"controlled":[188],"electron-beam":[189],"processing":[190],"support":[192],"further":[194],"investigation":[195],"potential":[197],"dental":[200],"applications.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2026-08-18T00:00:00"}
