{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203580013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","title":"The Detector Before the System - Spurious Rate Anomalies in Discretely Sampled Threshold Detection","display_name":"The Detector Before the System - Spurious Rate Anomalies in Discretely Sampled Threshold Detection","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203580013","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21935749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058230647","display_name":"Fabio Zander","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zander, Fabio","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-0625-6021","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5058230647"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13500","display_name":"Probability and Statistical Research","score":0.6220999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11513","display_name":"stochastic dynamics and bifurcation","score":0.07370000332593918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.04280000180006027,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/threshold-detection","display_name":"threshold detection","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schmitt-trigger","display_name":"Schmitt trigger","score":0.8849999904632568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/first-passage-statistics","display_name":"first-passage statistics","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-telegraph-noise","display_name":"random telegraph noise","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuity-correction","display_name":"continuity correction","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sampling-rate-effects","display_name":"sampling rate effects","score":0.4699999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-computing","display_name":"probabilistic computing","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector-bias","display_name":"detector bias","score":0.3330000042915344}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97256817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1462316","display_name":"Spurious relationship","level":2,"score":0.7501000165939331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.6328999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.5396999716758728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5374000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.5188000202178955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140779682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210868","display_name":"Sampling (signal processing)","level":3,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778067643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166507","display_name":"Interval (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4797999858856201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4075999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.37709999084472656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3765000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144386022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1332997","display_name":"Scale factor (cosmology)","level":5,"score":0.3447999954223633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91716921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1289366","display_name":"Scale parameter","level":2,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3203999996185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.30410000681877136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.2994000017642975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019361169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2609467","display_name":"Detection threshold","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137270730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q120811","display_name":"Detection theory","level":3,"score":0.2897000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197055811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207522","display_name":"Probability density function","level":2,"score":0.288100004196167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.2870999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18294631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621185","display_name":"Location parameter","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34602496","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271882","display_name":"Sequential probability ratio test","level":2,"score":0.26330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C739882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3560506","display_name":"Anomaly detection","level":2,"score":0.2556000053882599}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21935749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21935750","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935750","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935750","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5281/zenodo.21935749","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21935749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400562","display_name":"Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018520373","https://openalex.org/W3184384128","https://openalex.org/W2010928173","https://openalex.org/W4311835209","https://openalex.org/W3040392501","https://openalex.org/W2983601088","https://openalex.org/W7220734676","https://openalex.org/W2170404483","https://openalex.org/W7008787068","https://openalex.org/W2048670112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"threshold":[1,21,56,100,106],"applied":[2],"to":[3,57,214],"a":[4,18,36,46,55,58,66,73,78,86,98,104,108,123,165,178,231,314],"noisy,":[5],"continuously":[6,59],"fluctuating":[7],"record":[8],"does":[9,170],"not":[10,171,317],"define":[11],"an":[12,69],"event":[13,82],"rate":[14,43,83,113,179,241],"at":[15,253],"all":[16],"until":[17,97],"second,":[19],"rearm":[20,105],"is":[22,85,101,114,198,291,304,313],"imposed.":[23,102],"This":[24],"paper":[25],"gives":[26],"the":[27,89,94,112,118,128,134,137,152,162,174,187,195,203,206,211,215,223,226,239,249,268,284,292,302,324],"closed":[28,124],"form":[29,125],"that":[30,84],"follows":[31,161],"and":[32,117,247,261,279],"turns":[33],"it":[34,320],"into":[35],"pre-computable":[37],"test":[38,315],"quantity":[39],"for":[40,155,298],"any":[41],"reported":[42,272],"anomaly":[44],"from":[45],"threshold-based":[47],"measurement.":[48],"Many":[49],"experiments":[50],"count":[51],"events":[52],"by":[53,242],"applying":[54],"fluctuating,":[60],"noisy":[61],"record:":[62],"telegraph":[63],"noise":[64],"in":[65,126,235,307],"resistance":[67],"trace,":[68],"idealised":[70],"single-channel":[71],"current,":[72],"filtered":[74],"voltage":[75],"trace.":[76],"Such":[77],"detector":[79,166],"has":[80,122,190],"no":[81],"property":[87],"of":[88,93,136,181,205,210,233,294,323],"process":[90,176,236],"rather":[91],"than":[92],"acquisition":[95],"chain":[96],"second":[99],"With":[103],"\u2014":[107,111,218],"Schmitt":[109],"trigger":[110],"well":[115],"defined,":[116],"mean":[119],"inter-event":[120],"interval":[121,228,251],"which":[127],"two":[129],"first-passage":[130],"contributions":[131],"collapse":[132],"onto":[133],"separation":[135,217],"thresholds,":[138],"their":[139],"absolute":[140],"positions":[141],"cancelling:":[142],"\u27e8T\u27e9":[143],"=":[144,150],"\u03c0(\u0394\u03c6":[145],"+":[146],"2s)/(2\u03b3),":[147],"with":[148,173,283],"s":[149],"0.5826\u00b7\u221a(2\u03b3\u0394t),":[151],"continuity":[153],"correction":[154],"discretely":[156],"monitored":[157,212],"barriers.":[158],"From":[159],"this":[160],"practical":[163],"result:":[164],"whose":[167],"time":[168],"resolution":[169],"scale":[172],"observed":[175],"reports":[177],"change":[180],"predictable":[182],"size":[183],"where":[184,301],"nothing":[185],"but":[186],"sampling":[188,227,285],"grid":[189],"acted.":[191],"In":[192],"laboratory":[193],"units":[194],"relative":[196],"bias":[197],"\u03b5":[199],"\u2248":[200],"1.1652":[201],"\u03c3_step/\u0394V,":[202],"ratio":[204],"per-sample":[207],"RMS":[208],"step":[209],"signal":[213],"trigger-to-rearm":[216],"both":[219],"read":[220],"directly":[221],"off":[222],"record.":[224],"Holding":[225],"fixed":[229],"across":[230],"factor":[232],"eight":[234],"speed":[237],"shifts":[238],"apparent":[240],"(7.0":[243],"\u00b1":[244],"0.5)":[245],"%":[246],"separates":[248],"normalised":[250],"distributions":[252],"two-sample":[254],"Kolmogorov\u2013Smirnov":[255],"p":[256],"<":[257],"10\u207b\u00b2\u00b3:":[258],"highly":[259],"significant":[260],"entirely":[262],"instrumental.":[263],"Two":[264],"further":[265],"consequences":[266],"carry":[267],"same":[269],"\u221a\u0394t":[270],"constant:":[271],"two-state":[273],"occupancies":[274],"are":[275],"biased":[276],"toward":[277],"1/2,":[278],"recorded":[280],"maxima":[281],"rise":[282],"rate.":[286],"The":[287,311],"application":[288],"worked":[289],"through":[290],"readout":[293],"superparamagnetic":[295],"tunnel":[296],"junctions":[297],"probabilistic":[299],"computing,":[300],"signature":[303],"already":[305],"visible":[306],"published":[308],"device":[309],"data.":[310],"contribution":[312],"quantity,":[316],"new":[318],"physics;":[319],"belongs":[321],"upstream":[322],"environmental":[325],"controls":[326],"such":[327],"analyses":[328],"usually":[329],"invoke.":[330]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-07T09:51:55.459714","created_date":"2026-08-17T00:00:00"}
