{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203558347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","title":"Lysimeter-validated gene expression programming models for evapotranspiration estimation in semi-arid Syria","display_name":"Lysimeter-validated gene expression programming models for evapotranspiration estimation in semi-arid Syria","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203558347","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.30493/das.2026.011508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","pdf_url":"https://applied.dysona.org/data/pdf/Lysimeter-validated%20gene%20expression%20programming%20models%20for%20evapotranspiration%20estimation%20in%20semi-arid%20Syria.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057901","display_name":"DYSONA \u2013 Applied Science","issn_l":"2708-6283","issn":["2708-6283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DYSONA - Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://applied.dysona.org/data/pdf/Lysimeter-validated%20gene%20expression%20programming%20models%20for%20evapotranspiration%20estimation%20in%20semi-arid%20Syria.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5132775093","display_name":"Amer Qousai Aldarwish","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137613304","display_name":"Homs University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pwpsf61","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131294651","display_name":"Al Wataniya Private University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mw1hy69","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amer Q. Aldarwish","raw_affiliation_strings":[", Department of Water Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria",", Department of Water Resources Engineering and Management , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Homs University , Homs , Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", Department of Water Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":", Department of Water Resources Engineering and Management , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Homs University , Homs , Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137613304"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011047247","display_name":"Ruba Dahham Alsaeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-5348","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4848-5348"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131294651","display_name":"Al Wataniya Private University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mw1hy69","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruba D. Alsaeed","raw_affiliation_strings":[", Department of Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", Department of Environmental Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147236540","display_name":"Boshra A. Khozam","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3131294651","display_name":"Al Wataniya Private University","ror":"https://ror.org/04mw1hy69","country_code":"SY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]}],"countries":["SY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boshra A. Khozam","raw_affiliation_strings":[", Department of Water Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", Department of Water Engineering , Faculty of Civil Engineering , Al-Wataniya Private University , Hama , Syria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3131294651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.47676346,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"1","first_page":"44","last_page":"44"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11186","display_name":"Hydrology and Drought Analysis","score":0.5859000086784363,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11490","display_name":"Hydrological Forecasting Using AI","score":0.29910001158714294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.03359999880194664,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evapotranspiration-estimation","display_name":"evapotranspiration estimation","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gene-expression-programming","display_name":"gene expression programming","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lysimeter-validation","display_name":"lysimeter validation","score":0.8450000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiarid-climate","display_name":"semi-arid climate","score":0.7850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/irrigation-scheduling","display_name":"irrigation scheduling","score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/penman-equation","display_name":"Penman equation","score":0.7279999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sunshine-duration","display_name":"sunshine duration","score":0.6460000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-temperature","display_name":"mean temperature","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-scarce-regions","display_name":"data-scarce regions","score":0.8069999814033508}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176783924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q828158","display_name":"Evapotranspiration","level":2,"score":0.9498999714851379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85871539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734533","display_name":"Lysimeter","level":3,"score":0.8515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6980683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5531551","display_name":"Gene expression programming","level":2,"score":0.8004000186920166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197529216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14907183","display_name":"Sunshine duration","level":3,"score":0.7071999907493591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777589951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6073845","display_name":"Irrigation scheduling","level":3,"score":0.6725000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161067210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943","display_name":"Wind speed","level":2,"score":0.6128000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60352421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163111","display_name":"Penman\u2013Monteith equation","level":3,"score":0.531000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.46650001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150772632","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1330709","display_name":"Arid","level":2,"score":0.4318000078201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88862950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11453","display_name":"Irrigation","level":2,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158960510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180600","display_name":"Relative humidity","level":2,"score":0.4050000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126197015","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586683","display_name":"Hydrological modelling","level":2,"score":0.29840001463890076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.2971000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66465714","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148989","display_name":"Water balance","level":2,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112077630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623678","display_name":"Irrigation management","level":3,"score":0.27300000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108215451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7263963","display_name":"Simulation modeling","level":2,"score":0.2639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983363897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845339","display_name":"Air temperature","level":2,"score":0.257099986076355}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.30493/das.2026.011508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","pdf_url":"https://applied.dysona.org/data/pdf/Lysimeter-validated%20gene%20expression%20programming%20models%20for%20evapotranspiration%20estimation%20in%20semi-arid%20Syria.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057901","display_name":"DYSONA \u2013 Applied Science","issn_l":"2708-6283","issn":["2708-6283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DYSONA - Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.30493/das.2026.011508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.30493/das.2026.011508","pdf_url":"https://applied.dysona.org/data/pdf/Lysimeter-validated%20gene%20expression%20programming%20models%20for%20evapotranspiration%20estimation%20in%20semi-arid%20Syria.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407057901","display_name":"DYSONA \u2013 Applied Science","issn_l":"2708-6283","issn":["2708-6283"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"DYSONA - Applied Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203558347.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203558347.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582880996","https://openalex.org/W1812453514","https://openalex.org/W1969974566","https://openalex.org/W1981679335","https://openalex.org/W2010779124","https://openalex.org/W2042577575","https://openalex.org/W2062631119","https://openalex.org/W2063109543","https://openalex.org/W2064618595","https://openalex.org/W2081059972","https://openalex.org/W2085731133","https://openalex.org/W2088135986","https://openalex.org/W2089461394","https://openalex.org/W2121175550","https://openalex.org/W2134710136","https://openalex.org/W2142084747","https://openalex.org/W2167453193","https://openalex.org/W2169690625","https://openalex.org/W2171675708","https://openalex.org/W2318666551","https://openalex.org/W2322268344","https://openalex.org/W2600148840","https://openalex.org/W2776334266","https://openalex.org/W2892876773","https://openalex.org/W3011766836","https://openalex.org/W4223479449","https://openalex.org/W4225677208","https://openalex.org/W4226280201","https://openalex.org/W4252004668","https://openalex.org/W4281758198","https://openalex.org/W4283644410","https://openalex.org/W4377233488","https://openalex.org/W4386337127","https://openalex.org/W4399464389","https://openalex.org/W4400043250","https://openalex.org/W4402198910","https://openalex.org/W4403609975","https://openalex.org/W4403680652","https://openalex.org/W4417320127"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327029207","https://openalex.org/W2948651089","https://openalex.org/W2776334266","https://openalex.org/W2338540254","https://openalex.org/W2748741876","https://openalex.org/W2965944944","https://openalex.org/W2493022751","https://openalex.org/W3119799741","https://openalex.org/W4399464389","https://openalex.org/W3090808744"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Accurate":[0],"estimation":[1,198],"of":[2,53,116,155],"evapotranspiration":[3,35,87,159,197],"is":[4],"essential":[5],"for":[6,163,196],"irrigation":[7,207],"scheduling":[8],"and":[9,42,63,71,79,98,105,134,143,157,173,182,193,211],"water-balance":[10],"assessment,":[11],"yet":[12],"physically":[13],"based":[14],"methods":[15],"often":[16],"require":[17],"complete":[18],"meteorological":[19],"inputs":[20],"that":[21,123],"are":[22],"not":[23],"consistently":[24],"available":[25,118],"in":[26,49,111,131,209],"data-scarce":[27],"regions.":[28],"This":[29],"study":[30],"developed":[31],"locally":[32],"adapted,":[33],"closed-form":[34],"equations":[36,95,130,190],"using":[37,114],"Gene":[38],"Expression":[39],"Programming":[40],"(GEP)":[41],"evaluated":[43],"their":[44],"performance":[45],"against":[46],"lysimeter":[47,150],"measurements":[48],"the":[50,117,128,140,144,187],"central":[51],"region":[52],"Syria.":[54],"The":[55],"dataset":[56],"comprised":[57],"421":[58],"records":[59],"from":[60,169],"Al-Mukhtariyah":[61],"(1996\u20132005)":[62],"Tizin":[64],"(2004\u20132005)":[65],"research":[66],"stations,":[67],"including":[68,152],"daily":[69],"maximum":[70],"minimum":[72],"air":[73],"temperature,":[74],"relative":[75,148,183],"humidity,":[76],"wind":[77,179],"speed,":[78],"sunshine":[80,174],"duration,":[81],"together":[82],"with":[83,136],"decadal":[84],"(10-day)":[85],"actual":[86],"measured":[88],"by":[89,178],"non-weighing":[90],"drainage":[91],"lysimeters.":[92],"Three":[93],"conventional":[94,129],"(Blaney\u2013Criddle,":[96],"Ivanov,":[97],"Penman":[99],"equations)":[100],"were":[101,109],"used":[102],"as":[103],"benchmarks,":[104],"three":[106],"GEP":[107,125,189],"models":[108,126],"generated":[110],"GeneXproTools":[112],"V5":[113],"combinations":[115],"climatic":[119],"predictors.":[120],"Results":[121],"showed":[122],"all":[124],"outperformed":[127],"both":[132],"training":[133],"testing,":[135],"Model":[137,164],"I":[138,165],"providing":[139],"highest":[141],"accuracy":[142],"most":[145],"stable":[146],"statistics":[147],"to":[149],"observations,":[151],"improved":[153],"reproduction":[154],"peak":[156],"low":[158],"values.":[160],"Sensitivity":[161],"analysis":[162],"indicated":[166],"dominant":[167],"contributions":[168],"mean":[170],"temperature":[171],"(45.5%)":[172],"duration":[175],"(29.2%),":[176],"followed":[177],"speed":[180],"(13.0%)":[181],"humidity":[184],"(12.3%).":[185],"Overall,":[186],"proposed":[188],"offer":[191],"accurate":[192],"interpretable":[194],"alternatives":[195],"under":[199],"limited":[200],"or":[201],"variable":[202],"data":[203],"availability,":[204],"supporting":[205],"practical":[206],"management":[208],"arid":[210],"semi-arid":[212],"settings.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2026-08-16T00:00:00"}
