{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203558121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","title":"Characterizing interfacial tension for hydrogen storage: An ensemble and deep learning approach","display_name":"Characterizing interfacial tension for hydrogen storage: An ensemble and deep learning approach","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203558121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212133","display_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","issn_l":"2667-0224","issn":["2667-0224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004083367","display_name":"Walid Abdelfattah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-9858","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-9858"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118590987","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":"https://ror.org/03j9tzj20","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Walid Abdelfattah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Humanities and Social Research Center, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5122-9858","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Humanities and Social Research Center, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118590987"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082608096","display_name":"Kholoud Alkayid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-0731","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-0731"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I104941359","display_name":"Al-Ahliyya Amman University","ror":"https://ror.org/00xddhq60","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kholoud Alkayid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8851-0731","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology, Hourani Center for Applied Scientific Research, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I104941359"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138565705","display_name":"Arpita A. Prajapati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpita A. Prajapati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur, Gujarat, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gokul Global University, Sidhpur, Gujarat, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146638787","display_name":"Gowrishankar J","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106826634","display_name":"Jain University","ror":"https://ror.org/01cnqpt53","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gowrishankar J","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106826634"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105912479","display_name":"Mandeep Kaur Chohan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74319210","display_name":"Chitkara University","ror":"https://ror.org/057d6z539","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74885063","display_name":"Sharda University","ror":"https://ror.org/03b6ffh07","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74885063"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mandeep Kaur Chohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India","Sharda School of Engineering and Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74319210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sharda School of Engineering and Science, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74885063"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030122464","display_name":"Vikas Wasson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3139-8325","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3139-8325","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2334-9144"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I101407740","display_name":"Chandigarh University","ror":"https://ror.org/05t4pvx35","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikas Wasson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I101407740"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111142444","display_name":"Ahmed Kareem Shakir","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259362","display_name":"Islamic University of Najaf","ror":"https://ror.org/024dzaa63","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259362"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Kareem Shakir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer technical engineering, college of technical engineering, The Islamic university, Najaf, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer technical engineering, college of technical engineering, The Islamic university, Najaf, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259362"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122310219","display_name":"Tabib Shahzada","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3997-6113","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-3997-6113"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150210","display_name":"Khurasan University","ror":"https://ror.org/050k1mp73","country_code":"AF","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150210"]}],"countries":["AF"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tabib Shahzada","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Khurasan University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Khurasan University, Jalalabad, Afghanistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122310219"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210150210"],"apc_list":{"value":1520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1520},"apc_paid":{"value":1520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1520},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":null,"first_page":"101142","last_page":"101142"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.186599999666214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11302","display_name":"CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions","score":0.186599999666214,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11948","display_name":"Machine Learning in Materials Science","score":0.1550000011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10402","display_name":"Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics","score":0.12399999797344208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-tension","display_name":"interfacial tension","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/underground-hydrogen-storage","display_name":"underground hydrogen storage","score":0.9929999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/depleted-reservoirs","display_name":"depleted reservoirs","score":0.8830000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saline-aquifers","display_name":"saline aquifers","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/salinity-effects","display_name":"salinity effects","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-methods","display_name":"ensemble methods","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"random forest","score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.9900000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"deep learning","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shap","display_name":"SHAP","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier-detection","display_name":"outlier detection","score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphase-flow","display_name":"multiphase flow","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capillary-trapping","display_name":"capillary trapping","score":0.9860000014305115}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.7139999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.6158999800682068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.607200026512146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5917999744415283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177148314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084","display_name":"Generalization","level":2,"score":0.5414999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5205000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.5156000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4691999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.44339999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4327999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.4260999858379364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.3978999853134155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.3515999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163115403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631815","display_name":"Acentric factor","level":2,"score":0.3215999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.30790001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30079999566078186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204030448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017","display_name":"Distillation","level":2,"score":0.28290000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.2786000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.2777999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122383733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865920","display_name":"Approximation error","level":2,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107673813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812534","display_name":"Bayesian probability","level":2,"score":0.2759999930858612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2678000032901764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.26600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191178318","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2256906","display_name":"Thresholding","level":3,"score":0.2581999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8892853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170749","display_name":"Surface tension","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212133","display_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","issn_l":"2667-0224","issn":["2667-0224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chphi.2026.101142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210212133","display_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","issn_l":"2667-0224","issn":["2667-0224"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","jufo-1","norway-1","oarl","poland-20"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemical Physics Impact","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.878000020980835,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.46149998903274536,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G36603379","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NBU-CRP-2026-2230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","funder_display_name":"Northern Border University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328654","display_name":"Northern Border University","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2291288984","https://openalex.org/W2558839879","https://openalex.org/W2883284252","https://openalex.org/W2892422086","https://openalex.org/W3004165665","https://openalex.org/W3120263324","https://openalex.org/W3164327489","https://openalex.org/W4200479660","https://openalex.org/W4220703952","https://openalex.org/W4220913022","https://openalex.org/W4280503323","https://openalex.org/W4285040342","https://openalex.org/W4285310428","https://openalex.org/W4317434526","https://openalex.org/W4383264817","https://openalex.org/W4387876477","https://openalex.org/W4390728712","https://openalex.org/W4391427074","https://openalex.org/W4392744997","https://openalex.org/W4398168897","https://openalex.org/W4399066995","https://openalex.org/W4399679144","https://openalex.org/W4402600612","https://openalex.org/W4402973196","https://openalex.org/W4404558002","https://openalex.org/W4404597671","https://openalex.org/W4406033664","https://openalex.org/W4406714366","https://openalex.org/W4408069247","https://openalex.org/W4409244820","https://openalex.org/W4410055183","https://openalex.org/W4410596969","https://openalex.org/W4413014309","https://openalex.org/W4414064491","https://openalex.org/W4415369678","https://openalex.org/W4415724851","https://openalex.org/W7129038490"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7169134698","https://openalex.org/W4391226792","https://openalex.org/W7117123149","https://openalex.org/W4405963569","https://openalex.org/W4406855815","https://openalex.org/W7136623260","https://openalex.org/W4403690035","https://openalex.org/W7154295163","https://openalex.org/W4410890114","https://openalex.org/W4399913216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Underground":[0],"hydrogen":[1,275],"storage":[2,17,276],"(UHS)":[3],"in":[4,32,238],"depleted":[5],"reservoirs":[6],"and":[7,18,29,44,51,80,87,94,118,124,135,147,156,164,167,208,235,247,255,271],"saline":[8],"aquifers":[9],"represents":[10],"a":[11,63,69,76,99],"pivotal":[12],"solution":[13],"for":[14,72,259],"large-scale":[15],"energy":[16],"grid":[19],"stabilization.":[20],"A":[21],"key":[22],"parameter":[23],"controlling":[24],"multiphase":[25],"flow,":[26],"capillary":[27],"trapping,":[28],"sealing":[30],"efficiency":[31],"UHS":[33],"systems":[34],"is":[35],"the":[36,48,88,105,139,170,174,185,228,245,268],"interfacial":[37],"tension":[38],"(IFT)":[39],"between":[40],"injected":[41],"gas":[42,236],"mixtures":[43],"formation":[45],"fluids.":[46],"Given":[47],"high":[49],"cost":[50],"complexity":[52],"of":[53,78,91,141,154,231,273],"experimental":[54],"IFT":[55,74,261],"measurements":[56],"under":[57,262],"reservoir":[58,264],"conditions,":[59,265],"predictive":[60,113,196],"modeling":[61],"offers":[62],"practical":[64],"alternative.":[65],"This":[66],"study":[67],"introduces":[68],"comprehensive":[70],"framework":[71],"estimating":[73],"as":[75,192],"function":[77],"thermodynamic":[79],"compositional":[81],"variables,":[82],"including":[83],"temperature,":[84,233],"pressure,":[85,234],"salinity,":[86,232],"molar":[89],"fractions":[90],"CO\u2082,":[92],"CH\u2084,":[93],"H\u2082.":[95],"Data":[96],"preprocessing":[97],"incorporated":[98],"robust":[100],"outlier":[101],"detection":[102],"scheme":[103],"using":[104,132],"\u00b12\u03c3":[106],"criterion":[107],"to":[108,215],"ensure":[109],"dataset":[110],"integrity.":[111],"Eight":[112],"models":[114,190],"spanning":[115],"traditional,":[116],"ensemble,":[117],"deep":[119],"learning":[120,189],"architectures":[121],"were":[122,225],"developed":[123],"validated":[125],"via":[126],"5-fold":[127],"cross-validation.":[128],"Performance":[129],"was":[130,181],"assessed":[131],"R\u00b2,":[133],"MSE,":[134],"AARE%.":[136],"Results":[137],"highlight":[138],"superiority":[140],"tree-based":[142],"ensemble":[143,216],"methods,":[144],"with":[145],"AdaBoost":[146,246],"Random":[148,248],"Forest":[149,249],"achieving":[150],"test":[151],"R\u00b2":[152],"values":[153],"0.943":[155],"0.942,":[157],"respectively,":[158],"alongside":[159],"low":[160],"error":[161],"rates":[162],"(MSE=6.65":[163],"7.37;":[165],"AARE%=2.72":[166],"2.83).":[168],"While":[169],"Decision":[171],"Tree":[172],"achieved":[173],"highest":[175],"training":[176],"accuracy":[177],"(R\u00b2=0.979),":[178],"its":[179],"generalization":[180,213],"weaker":[182],"(MSE=9.06),":[183],"underscoring":[184],"ensembles\u2019":[186],"robustness.":[187],"Deep":[188],"such":[191],"CNN":[193],"demonstrated":[194],"moderate":[195],"strength":[197],"(test":[198,205],"R\u00b2=0.730),":[199],"whereas":[200],"KNN":[201],"suffered":[202],"severe":[203],"overfitting":[204],"R\u00b2=0.410).":[206],"SVR":[207],"MLP-ANN":[209],"also":[210],"showed":[211],"limited":[212],"compared":[214],"methods.":[217],"To":[218],"enhance":[219],"interpretability,":[220],"SHapley":[221],"Additive":[222],"exPlanations":[223],"(SHAP)":[224],"applied,":[226],"revealing":[227],"relative":[229],"importance":[230],"composition":[237],"shaping":[239],"IFT.":[240],"The":[241],"proposed":[242],"framework,":[243],"particularly":[244],"pipelines,":[250],"provides":[251],"an":[252],"accurate,":[253],"interpretable,":[254],"computationally":[256],"efficient":[257],"tool":[258],"predicting":[260],"diverse":[263],"thereby":[266],"supporting":[267],"secure":[269],"design":[270],"optimization":[272],"underground":[274],"projects.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-16T00:00:00"}