{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203554041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","title":"Performing symbolic protest: The representation of young masculine identities in Kenyan urban music","display_name":"Performing symbolic protest: The representation of young masculine identities in Kenyan urban music","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203554041","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.58256/s574zn50","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","pdf_url":"https://royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/download/2823/1309/8155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285470","display_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2520-4009","issn":["2520-4009","2523-0948"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/download/2823/1309/8155","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147231129","display_name":"Collins Andal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Collins Andal","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013094336","display_name":"Marciana Nafula Were","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-1852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3571-1852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260281","display_name":"Tom Mboya University College","ror":"https://ror.org/03gzm8w29","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405260281"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marciana Were","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Business and Economics , Tom Mboya University , Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Business and Economics , Tom Mboya University , Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405260281"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136800185","display_name":"John Orondo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Orondo","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11113","display_name":"Music History and Culture","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1210","display_name":"Music"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12275","display_name":"Gender and Feminist Studies","score":0.02319999970495701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11540","display_name":"Gender, Feminism, and Media","score":0.005400000140070915,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/young-masculinities","display_name":"young masculinities","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-music","display_name":"urban music","score":0.6700000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protest-masculinity","display_name":"protest masculinity","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxic-masculinity","display_name":"toxic masculinity","score":0.9169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-precarity","display_name":"economic precarity","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/police-violence","display_name":"police brutality","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patriarchal-norms","display_name":"patriarchal norms","score":0.7860000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identity-performance","display_name":"identity performance","score":0.4320000112056732}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.6834999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779103072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1076509","display_name":"Masculinity","level":2,"score":0.6812999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.6402999758720398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134141054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965415","display_name":"Performative utterance","level":2,"score":0.636900007724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187651312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114","display_name":"Kenya","level":2,"score":0.6205000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.6173999905586243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778355321","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17079427","display_name":"Identity (music)","level":2,"score":0.5602999925613403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778061430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188823","display_name":"Scholarship","level":2,"score":0.5281999707221985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202889954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1139554","display_name":"Subjectivity","level":2,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4401000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779337067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4800961","display_name":"Articulation (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4325999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107038049","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35986","display_name":"Aesthetics","level":1,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179454799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q132151","display_name":"Ethnography","level":2,"score":0.3474999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776728590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q363948","display_name":"Contradiction","level":2,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128850910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1163216","display_name":"Symbolic interactionism","level":2,"score":0.33559998869895935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776327626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3627138","display_name":"Performativity","level":2,"score":0.3165999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776095079","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q489538","display_name":"The Symbolic","level":2,"score":0.31380000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779342568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25345269","display_name":"Subjectification","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108170787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3951828","display_name":"Agency (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.29159998893737793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194943564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1129049","display_name":"Participant observation","level":2,"score":0.28220000863075256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778868352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866081","display_name":"Femininity","level":2,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53813258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154136","display_name":"Human sexuality","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777057682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5698395","display_name":"Hegemonic masculinity","level":3,"score":0.2662000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199033989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318295","display_name":"Narrative","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17235551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3236990","display_name":"Self","level":2,"score":0.25130000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37228920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307600","display_name":"Experiential learning","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.58256/s574zn50","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","pdf_url":"https://royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/download/2823/1309/8155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285470","display_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2520-4009","issn":["2520-4009","2523-0948"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:royalliteglobal.com:article/2823","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/view/2823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285470","display_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2520-4009","issn":["2520-4009","2523-0948"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"10.58256/dw2rt380","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.58256/s574zn50","doi":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.58256/s574zn50","pdf_url":"https://royalliteglobal.com/njhs/article/download/2823/1309/8155","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387285470","display_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","issn_l":"2520-4009","issn":["2520-4009","2523-0948"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Nairobi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.7390999794006348,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203554041.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203554041.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7216529012","https://openalex.org/W4408321113","https://openalex.org/W4220955856","https://openalex.org/W3016945025","https://openalex.org/W2048768394","https://openalex.org/W2807019076","https://openalex.org/W3083151715","https://openalex.org/W2160812165","https://openalex.org/W4414427687","https://openalex.org/W2947419155"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1,40,89,186],"examines":[2],"how":[3,73],"young":[4,50,79],"Kenyan":[5,24,74],"male":[6,75],"artists":[7,77,107,125],"construct":[8,126],"and":[9,23,37,85,95,99,117,141,155],"perform":[10],"masculine":[11,80,128],"identities":[12,81,129,145],"through":[13,82],"urban":[14,76],"music":[15],"in":[16,54],"the":[17,60,70,124,170],"genres":[18,33],"of":[19,62,102,164],"Genge,":[20],"Kapuka,":[21],"Gengetone,":[22],"Drill.":[25],"Although":[26],"existing":[27],"scholarship":[28],"has":[29],"often":[30,168],"dismissed":[31],"these":[32,159],"as":[34,45,65,109,147],"vulgar,":[35],"hedonistic,":[36],"misogynistic,":[38],"this":[39,185,188],"argues":[41],"that":[42,123],"they":[43,166,173],"function":[44],"significant":[46],"cultural":[47],"sites":[48],"where":[49],"masculinities":[51],"negotiate":[52],"identity":[53],"response":[55],"to":[56,149,175],"systemic":[57,156],"marginalisation.":[58],"Through":[59],"lens":[61],"Masculinity":[63],"Theory":[64],"articulated":[66],"by":[67,106],"Raewyn":[68],"Connell,":[69],"article":[71],"interrogates":[72],"represent":[78],"lyrical":[83],"content":[84],"visual":[86],"performances.":[87],"The":[88,120],"adopts":[90],"a":[91],"qualitative":[92],"research":[93],"approach":[94],"combines":[96],"thematic,":[97],"semiotic,":[98],"discourse":[100],"analyses":[101],"purposively":[103],"selected":[104],"songs":[105],"such":[108],"Jua":[110],"Cali,":[111],"Nonini,":[112],"Mejja,":[113],"Ethic":[114],"Entertainment,":[115],"Wakadinali,":[116],"Buruklyn":[118],"Boyz.":[119],"findings":[121],"reveal":[122],"multiple":[127],"including":[130],"protest":[131],"masculinity,":[132,134,136,138,140],"hustler":[133],"aspirational":[135],"vulnerable":[137],"collective":[139],"toxic":[142],"masculinity.":[143],"These":[144],"emerge":[146],"responses":[148],"economic":[150],"precarity,":[151],"unemployment,":[152],"police":[153],"brutality,":[154],"neglect.":[157],"Though":[158],"performances":[160],"reflect":[161],"genuine":[162],"assertions":[163],"agency,":[165],"more":[167],"reproduce":[169],"patriarchal":[171],"norms":[172],"purport":[174],"resist":[176],"thereby":[177],"remaining":[178],"predominantly":[179],"performative":[180],"rather":[181],"than":[182],"transformative.":[183],"Therefore,":[184],"treats":[187],"contradiction":[189],"with":[190],"caution.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-03T13:16:28.481748","created_date":"2026-08-16T00:00:00"}