{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203534965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","title":"Data\u2010Driven Approaches for Autism Detection: A Comprehensive Review of Machine Learning Algorithms and Datasets","display_name":"Data\u2010Driven Approaches for Autism Detection: A Comprehensive Review of Machine Learning Algorithms and Datasets","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203534965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42601827","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13476672"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/jdn.70172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198195568","display_name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","issn_l":"0736-5748","issn":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13476672/","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137244376","display_name":"Anupama N","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7751-4874","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7751-4874"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65674248","display_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ha14p11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Anupama N","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru Visvesvaraya Technological University  Belagavi Karnataka India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7751-4874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru Visvesvaraya Technological University  Belagavi Karnataka India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5124377135","display_name":"Chandrashekar M. Patil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-4799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5220-4799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I65674248","display_name":"Visvesvaraya Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ha14p11","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chandrashekar M. Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru Visvesvaraya Technological University  Belagavi Karnataka India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Vidyavardhaka College of Engineering, Mysuru Visvesvaraya Technological University  Belagavi Karnataka India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5137244376"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I65674248"],"apc_list":{"value":3400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"86","issue":"5","first_page":"e70172","last_page":"e70172"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11396","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asd-detection","display_name":"ASD detection","score":0.671999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automated-screening","display_name":"automated screening","score":0.7749999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimodal-fusion","display_name":"multimodal fusion","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-fusion","display_name":"feature-level fusion","score":0.6660000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-level-fusion","display_name":"decision fusion","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hybrid-fusion","display_name":"hybrid fusion","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"neuroimaging","score":0.7200000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"EEG","score":0.7559999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"eye tracking","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-analysis","display_name":"speech analysis","score":0.871999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-image-dataset","display_name":"facial image dataset","score":0.8270000219345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/explainable-ai","display_name":"explainable AI","score":0.8209999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducibility","display_name":"reproducibility","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-translation","display_name":"clinical translation","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regulatory-guidance","display_name":"regulatory guidelines","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"overfitting","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demographic-bias","display_name":"demographic bias","score":0.6660000085830688}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.8138999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7886000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779903281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888026","display_name":"Modalities","level":2,"score":0.6690999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6680999994277954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.5741999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.4876999855041504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778538070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autism spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.46540001034736633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.40459999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.38589999079704285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3407000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.2939000129699707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986165187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436063","display_name":"Autistic spectrum disorder","level":3,"score":0.29010000824928284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115051666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Ranging","level":2,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780660688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25052564","display_name":"Multimodal learning","level":2,"score":0.2639000117778778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129848803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360","display_name":"Sample size determination","level":2,"score":0.2624000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5274069","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2285707","display_name":"Categorical variable","level":2,"score":0.2606000006198883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534262118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177719","display_name":"Medical diagnosis","level":2,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000067877","descriptor_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/jdn.70172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/jdn.70172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198195568","display_name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","issn_l":"0736-5748","issn":["0736-5748","1873-474X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42601827","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42601827","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13476672","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13476672/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Dev Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13476672","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13476672/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Int J Dev Neurosci","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.9537000060081482,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2164777277","https://openalex.org/W2912080696","https://openalex.org/W3020824831","https://openalex.org/W3023893026","https://openalex.org/W3091612463","https://openalex.org/W3093225483","https://openalex.org/W3110017452","https://openalex.org/W3117800408","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3128036147","https://openalex.org/W3155129510","https://openalex.org/W3167761723","https://openalex.org/W3168608579","https://openalex.org/W3186331659","https://openalex.org/W3194041058","https://openalex.org/W3199441639","https://openalex.org/W4206003292","https://openalex.org/W4206247562","https://openalex.org/W4214678981","https://openalex.org/W4286223290","https://openalex.org/W4297051283","https://openalex.org/W4309268078","https://openalex.org/W4309294133","https://openalex.org/W4312105421","https://openalex.org/W4318049542","https://openalex.org/W4365448795","https://openalex.org/W4378619877","https://openalex.org/W4378895404","https://openalex.org/W4385805154","https://openalex.org/W4386307452","https://openalex.org/W4386438037","https://openalex.org/W4387252439","https://openalex.org/W4387339117","https://openalex.org/W4387444722","https://openalex.org/W4389478460","https://openalex.org/W4390475614","https://openalex.org/W4390730860","https://openalex.org/W4396583561","https://openalex.org/W4399694744","https://openalex.org/W4400837942","https://openalex.org/W4402124260","https://openalex.org/W4404462571","https://openalex.org/W4404938499","https://openalex.org/W4405075097","https://openalex.org/W4405489456","https://openalex.org/W4405512825","https://openalex.org/W4405717809","https://openalex.org/W4406087579","https://openalex.org/W4406593647","https://openalex.org/W4407745297","https://openalex.org/W4408276971","https://openalex.org/W4409660720","https://openalex.org/W4409733588","https://openalex.org/W4410951941","https://openalex.org/W4411016914","https://openalex.org/W4412469198","https://openalex.org/W4412566386"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7169681146","https://openalex.org/W7162647952","https://openalex.org/W7164018585","https://openalex.org/W7203686467","https://openalex.org/W7160320743","https://openalex.org/W7204928194","https://openalex.org/W7165117640","https://openalex.org/W7221534242","https://openalex.org/W7164346468","https://openalex.org/W7161180590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autism":[0],"spectrum":[1,12],"disorder":[2],"(ASD)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,10,110,193,230,244],"complex":[6],"neurodevelopmental":[7],"condition":[8],"with":[9,127,173],"broad":[11],"of":[13,24,48,106,112,136,156,175,196,211,233,247,249,269,289],"symptoms,":[14],"which":[15],"makes":[16],"timely":[17],"and":[18,28,39,54,65,83,87,98,125,154,182,199,219,226,239,242,251,281],"accurate":[19],"diagnosis":[20,108],"challenging.":[21],"The":[22,67],"development":[23],"machine":[25],"learning":[26,30,181],"(ML)":[27],"deep":[29],"(DL)":[31],"has":[32],"created":[33],"opportunities":[34],"for":[35,109,202,254,284],"automated":[36],"ASD":[37,58,290],"screening":[38],"detection.":[40],"This":[41,186,257],"systematic":[42],"review":[43,187,195,246,258],"focuses":[44],"on":[45,52,223],"the":[46,104,107,234,260,267,286],"analyses":[47],"59":[49],"peer-reviewed":[50],"studies":[51],"unimodal":[53,171],"multimodal":[55,160,212],"approaches":[56],"to":[57,102,119,131,165,262],"detection":[59,291],"that":[60,70,141],"were":[61,100],"published":[62],"between":[63],"2019":[64],"2025.":[66],"results":[68],"demonstrated":[69],"classical":[71],"ML":[72],"algorithms":[73],"(such":[74],"as":[75],"logistic":[76],"regression":[77],"[LR],":[78],"support":[79],"vector":[80],"machines":[81],"[SVM]":[82],"random":[84],"forests":[85],"[RF])":[86],"DL":[88],"models":[89],"(convolutional":[90],"neural":[91,95],"networks":[92,96],"[CNN],":[93],"recurrent":[94],"(RNN)":[97],"transformers)":[99],"used":[101],"assess":[103],"accuracy":[105,128],"variety":[111],"data":[113,278],"modalities":[114,238],"ranging":[115],"from":[116,129],"behavioural":[117],"measures":[118],"neuroimaging,":[120],"electroencephalography":[121],"(EEG),":[122],"eye":[123],"tracking":[124],"speech,":[126],"68%":[130],"99%.":[132],"A":[133],"careful":[134],"examination":[135],"these":[137],"studies,":[138],"however,":[139],"shows":[140],"they":[142],"share":[143],"certain":[144],"common":[145],"flaws,":[146],"including":[147],"small":[148],"sample":[149,240],"size,":[150],"demographic":[151],"bias,":[152],"overfitting":[153],"absence":[155],"external":[157],"validation.":[158],"Hybrid":[159],"frameworks":[161],"have":[162],"been":[163],"shown":[164],"yield":[166],"consistent":[167],"performance":[168,235],"improvements":[169],"over":[170],"frameworks,":[172],"accuracies":[174],"95%-99%":[176],"achieved":[177],"through":[178],"attention,":[179],"graph-based":[180],"hybrid":[183,220],"fusion":[184,213,218],"approaches.":[185],"highlights":[188],"four":[189],"major":[190],"points:":[191],"(1)":[192],"critical":[194],"dataset":[197],"ethics":[198],"validity,":[200],"even":[201],"non-clinical":[203],"facial":[204],"image":[205],"datasets;":[206],"(2)":[207],"an":[208],"architectural":[209],"comparison":[210],"strategies":[214],"(early":[215],"fusion,":[216],"late":[217],"fusion)":[221],"focusing":[222],"computational":[224],"complexity":[225],"clinical":[227,255,287],"applicability;":[228],"(3)":[229],"quantitative":[231],"summarization":[232],"trends":[236],"by":[237],"size;":[241],"(4)":[243],"structured":[245],"indicators":[248],"reproducibility":[250],"regulatory":[252,282],"hurdles":[253],"translation.":[256],"suggests":[259],"need":[261],"develop":[263],"large,":[264],"well-balanced":[265],"datasets,":[266],"application":[268],"explainable":[270],"AI":[271],"(XAI)":[272],"techniques,":[273],"standardization":[274],"(e.g.,":[275],"brain":[276],"imaging":[277],"structure":[279],"[BIDS])":[280],"guidelines":[283],"facilitating":[285],"translation":[288],"systems.":[292]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-16T00:00:00"}
