{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203526837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","title":"The Usability of Ranked Choice Voting in Digital Ballot Formats","display_name":"The Usability of Ranked Choice Voting in Digital Ballot Formats","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-10-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203526837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42949501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261501220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074116076","display_name":"K. Stewart","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9899-6659","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9899-6659"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitlyn M. Stewart","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9899-6659","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011364586","display_name":"Philip T. Kortum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-179X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-179X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Philip Kortum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0460-179X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052030178","display_name":"Michael D. Byrne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-9329","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0677-9329"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael D. Byrne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5160011471","display_name":"Nilda M. Jarero","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","display_name":"Rice University","ror":"https://ror.org/008zs3103","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nilda M. Jarero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rice University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rice University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011364586"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"apc_list":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"apc_paid":{"value":1500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1500},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.58375134,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"187208261501220","last_page":"187208261501220"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10470","display_name":"Usability and User Interface Design","score":0.7148000001907349,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10108","display_name":"Electoral Systems and Political Participation","score":0.14810000360012054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.04399999976158142,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranked-choice-voting","display_name":"ranked-choice voting","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ballot-design","display_name":"ballot design","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/usability","display_name":"usability","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voting-errors","display_name":"voting errors","score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electoral-technology","display_name":"electoral technology","score":0.3720000088214874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777094542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905151","display_name":"Ballot","level":4,"score":0.8866000175476074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170130773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216378","display_name":"Usability","level":2,"score":0.7982000112533569},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760","display_name":"Voting","level":3,"score":0.7466999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6148999929428101},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780612046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926161","display_name":"Electronic voting","level":4,"score":0.5716000199317932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.45969998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.4413999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30231744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337987","display_name":"Secret ballot","level":5,"score":0.4239000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167654663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5038645","display_name":"Cardinal voting systems","level":4,"score":0.40369999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3578999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.34540000557899475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.34200000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182306322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779371","display_name":"Order (exchange)","level":2,"score":0.3165000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.29649999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.29249998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156160270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1078003","display_name":"Ranked voting system","level":4,"score":0.2802000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C102483414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4996825","display_name":"Bullet voting","level":5,"score":0.2775000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.2547999918460846}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261501220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42949501","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42949501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human factors","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.rice.edu:1911/116080","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1911/116080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401268","display_name":"Rice Research Repository (Rice University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74775410","host_organization_name":"Rice University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74775410"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/00187208261501220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208261501220","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83386566","display_name":"Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","issn_l":"0018-7208","issn":["0018-7208","1547-8181"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","erih-plus","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387845529","https://openalex.org/W7112157367","https://openalex.org/W2595801565","https://openalex.org/W7151235459","https://openalex.org/W4410154571","https://openalex.org/W2745027917","https://openalex.org/W7095348272","https://openalex.org/W1966078370","https://openalex.org/W1599987487","https://openalex.org/W7214130599"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"ObjectiveThree":[0],"digital":[1,131,149],"ranked":[2],"choice":[3,16],"voting":[4,17],"ballots":[5,93],"were":[6,76,136],"investigated":[7,53],"to":[8,26,86,145,159,167],"assess":[9],"the":[10,37,54,107,113,120,155],"impact":[11,42],"of":[12,32,36,56,157],"formatting":[13],"on":[14,43,84,169],"usability.BackgroundRanked":[15],"(RCV)":[18],"is":[19],"a":[20,40,48,89],"ballot":[21,38,60],"format":[22,105],"that":[23],"allows":[24],"voters":[25],"rank":[27],"candidate":[28],"choices":[29],"in":[30,143],"order":[31],"preference.":[33],"The":[34,92,103,133],"design":[35],"has":[39],"notable":[41],"usability,":[44],"and":[45,65,73,119,138,140,170],"this":[46],"remains":[47],"challenge":[49],"for":[50,88],"RCV.MethodThis":[51],"experiment":[52,151],"usability":[55,71,123,127],"three":[57,78],"RCV":[58,130,158,164],"electronic":[59],"formats":[61,79,134],"(bubble":[62],"grid,":[63],"column,":[64],"hand-numbered).":[66],"Completion":[67],"times,":[68,116],"errors,":[69],"subjective":[70,122],"ratings,":[72],"trust":[74],"data":[75],"collected.ResultsThe":[77],"took":[80],"subjects":[81],"50-70":[82],"seconds":[83],"average":[85],"vote":[87,168],"single":[90],"contest.":[91],"also":[94],"had":[95,106,112],"high":[96],"error":[97,117,173],"rates,":[98,118,174],"which":[99,175],"ranged":[100],"from":[101],"23-38%.":[102],"hand-numbered":[104],"worst":[108],"performance,":[109],"as":[110],"it":[111],"highest":[114],"completion":[115],"lowest":[121],"ratings.ConclusionThis":[124],"research":[125],"highlights":[126],"issues":[128],"with":[129,163],"ballots.":[132],"tested":[135,147],"inefficient":[137],"ineffective,":[139],"performed":[141],"poorly":[142],"comparison":[144],"previously":[146],"plurality":[148],"ballots.ApplicationThis":[150],"raises":[152],"concerns":[153],"about":[154],"scalability":[156],"larger":[160],"elections.":[161],"Ballots":[162],"take":[165],"longer":[166],"have":[171],"higher":[172],"should":[176],"be":[177],"taken":[178],"into":[179],"consideration":[180],"by":[181],"election":[182],"administrators.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-29T09:56:32.521200","created_date":"2026-08-15T00:00:00"}