{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203483322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","title":"MDCFT-HSM: Modality-Shift-Aware RGB-T Small-Object Detection for Low-Altitude UAV Remote Sensing","display_name":"MDCFT-HSM: Modality-Shift-Aware RGB-T Small-Object Detection for Low-Altitude UAV Remote Sensing","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203483322","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42655454","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13517559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26165146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136487987","display_name":"Tianchen Long","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3350-3834","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3350-3834"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianchen Long","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100616009","display_name":"Yanwen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-2600","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4863-2600"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanwen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136500037","display_name":"Hezhuo Yuan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hezhuo Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115603610","display_name":"Qian Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-9781","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5975-9781","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0048-8951","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-3020-8331","https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2936-0696"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qian Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5130335548","display_name":"Hongqing Ma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongqing Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008391966","display_name":"Rijin Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0550-709X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0550-709X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rijin Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhen Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5141293089","display_name":"Feng Wang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162994","display_name":"Xijing University","ror":"https://ror.org/05xsjkb63","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Autonomous Navigation for Low-Altitude Aircraft, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi\u2019an 710123, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100616009","https://openalex.org/A5141293089"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162994"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":2.937,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89229089,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"16","first_page":"5146","last_page":"5146"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.016599999740719795,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12389","display_name":"Infrared Target Detection Methodologies","score":0.014499999582767487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uav-remote-sensing","display_name":"UAV remote sensing","score":0.7960000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality-shift","display_name":"modality shift","score":0.6990000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drone-vehicle-detection","display_name":"drone vehicle detection","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-altitude-aerial-photography","display_name":"low-altitude aerial imagery","score":0.5789999961853027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7294999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7215999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5995000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184652730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2357982","display_name":"Attenuation","level":2,"score":0.47369998693466187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4726000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4611000120639801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82990744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166194","display_name":"RGB color model","level":2,"score":0.4490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4422999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4090000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.3928999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.38339999318122864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.3788999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3659000098705292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.30230000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.2994999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.25540000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87360688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q740686","display_name":"Synthetic aperture radar","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26165146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13517559","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13517559/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13517559/pdf/sensors-26-05146.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel)","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:42655454","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42655454","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:28220ace42bb473e9879e81fbd22c6d0","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/28220ace42bb473e9879e81fbd22c6d0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Sensors, Vol 26, Iss 16, p 5146 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/s26165146","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/s26165146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S101949793","display_name":"Sensors","issn_l":"1424-8220","issn":["1424-8220"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sensors","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2369436918","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023-YBGY-115","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","funder_display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336350","display_name":"Key Research and Development Projects of Shaanxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203483322.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203483322.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3116967329","https://openalex.org/W3195903836","https://openalex.org/W4200631567","https://openalex.org/W4312549624","https://openalex.org/W4366378409","https://openalex.org/W4376106313","https://openalex.org/W4386189887","https://openalex.org/W4386591405","https://openalex.org/W4390168321","https://openalex.org/W4402265519","https://openalex.org/W4402387366","https://openalex.org/W4402915974","https://openalex.org/W4402916213","https://openalex.org/W4404909364","https://openalex.org/W4406163781","https://openalex.org/W4414902181","https://openalex.org/W4415109451","https://openalex.org/W4415233208","https://openalex.org/W4416506150","https://openalex.org/W4417002649","https://openalex.org/W7105017883","https://openalex.org/W7123492776","https://openalex.org/W7128159846","https://openalex.org/W7132820837","https://openalex.org/W7160216670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4414603541","https://openalex.org/W4416535364","https://openalex.org/W7161231131","https://openalex.org/W7120242276","https://openalex.org/W7118533186","https://openalex.org/W7211930040","https://openalex.org/W7196932068","https://openalex.org/W7161136752","https://openalex.org/W7147120504","https://openalex.org/W7169754930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low-altitude":[0],"UAV":[1],"RGB-T":[2,38],"small-object":[3,16],"detection":[4],"is":[5],"challenged":[6],"by":[7],"unequal":[8],"modality":[9],"reliability":[10,206],"and":[11,51,64,90,107,119,132,141,154,167,178],"the":[12,60,79,94,105,108,116,123],"progressive":[13],"attenuation":[14],"of":[15,145],"evidence.":[17],"To":[18],"address":[19],"these":[20],"issues,":[21],"this":[22,75],"paper":[23],"proposes":[24],"Modality-Dominant":[25],"Controlled":[26,157],"Fine-Tuning":[27],"with":[28,135],"Hierarchical":[29],"Small-Object":[30],"Modeling":[31],"(MDCFT-HSM),":[32],"an":[33,47,142],"ordered":[34],"feature-flow":[35],"framework":[36],"for":[37],"detection.":[39],"Based":[40],"on":[41],"dataset-level":[42,196],"single-modality":[43],"performance,":[44],"MDCFT":[45],"selects":[46],"initial":[48],"protected":[49],"branch":[50],"introduces":[52],"auxiliary-modality":[53],"information":[54],"through":[55],"zero-initialized":[56],"residual":[57],"mappings":[58],"at":[59],"stem,":[61],"P3,":[62,117],"P4,":[63,118],"P5":[65,120],"stages,":[66],"thereby":[67],"limiting":[68],"interference":[69],"from":[70],"degraded":[71],"auxiliary":[72,164],"features.":[73],"Within":[74],"controlled":[76],"feature":[77],"flow,":[78],"High-Low":[80],"Frequency":[81],"Detail":[82],"Enhancement":[83],"module":[84,98,113],"(HLFDE)":[85],"preserves":[86],"shallow":[87],"boundary,":[88],"texture,":[89],"local":[91],"thermal-response":[92],"cues;":[93],"Selective":[95],"Boundary-Guided":[96],"Aggregation":[97],"(SBGA)":[99],"strengthens":[100],"cross-level":[101],"detail":[102],"propagation":[103],"in":[104],"neck;":[106],"Multi-scale":[109],"Guided":[110],"Feature":[111],"Recalibration":[112],"(MGFR)":[114],"recalibrates":[115],"features":[121],"before":[122],"Detect":[124],"head.":[125],"On":[126,148],"RGBTDronePerson,":[127],"MDCFT-HSM":[128],"achieves":[129,151],"49.53%":[130],"mAP@0.5":[131,153],"18.97%":[133],"mAP@0.5:0.95":[134],"7.38":[136],"M":[137],"parameters,":[138],"44.2":[139],"GFLOPs,":[140],"inference":[143],"speed":[144],"60.0":[146],"FPS.":[147],"DroneVehicle,":[149],"it":[150],"83.60%":[152],"63.28%":[155],"mAP@0.5:0.95.":[156],"robustness":[158],"tests":[159],"show":[160],"limited":[161],"tolerance":[162],"to":[163],"RGB":[165],"absence":[166],"mild":[168],"cross-modal":[169],"spatial":[170,180],"misalignment,":[171],"whereas":[172],"severe":[173],"IR":[174,176],"degradation,":[175],"absence,":[177],"larger":[179],"offsets":[181],"cause":[182],"substantial":[183],"performance":[184],"loss.":[185],"These":[186],"results":[187],"demonstrate":[188],"a":[189,194],"competitive":[190],"accuracy-complexity":[191],"trade-off":[192],"under":[193],"fixed":[195],"protected-branch":[197],"configuration.":[198],"The":[199],"method":[200],"does":[201],"not":[202],"provide":[203],"online":[204],"sample-level":[205],"adaptation":[207],"or":[208],"geometric":[209],"registration.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2026-08-15T00:00:00"}