{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203481933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","title":"Resident Selection in the Signaling Era: A Survey of General Surgery Program Directors","display_name":"Resident Selection in the Signaling Era: A Survey of General Surgery Program Directors","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203481933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42600440"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74622277","display_name":"Journal of surgical education","issn_l":"1878-7452","issn":["1878-7452","1931-7204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Surgical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050003261","display_name":"Noosha D. Deravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5787-5471","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5787-5471"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802534011","display_name":"MedStar Georgetown University Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03ja1ak26","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802534011","https://openalex.org/I86755215"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388446366","display_name":"Indiana University Indianapolis","ror":"https://ror.org/03eftgw80","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4394709130","display_name":"Indiana University School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02ets8c94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4394709130","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noosha D. Deravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5787-5471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802534011","https://openalex.org/I4388446366","https://openalex.org/I4394709130"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054331157","display_name":"John M. Woodward","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-950X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6730-950X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63190737","display_name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/01y64my43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M. Woodward","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63190737"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102822114","display_name":"Connie Y. Gan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-1218","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-1218"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165690674","display_name":"Oregon Health & Science University","ror":"https://ror.org/009avj582","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Connie Y. Gan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1835-1218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165690674"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057462908","display_name":"Nicole M. Santucci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-294X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-294X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicole M. Santucci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8644-294X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046163106","display_name":"Darci C. Foote","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-177X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-177X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Darci C. Foote","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7416-177X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072124320","display_name":"Caitlin J. Silvestri","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2124-0473","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2124-0473"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340179700","display_name":"NewYork\u2013Presbyterian Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03gzbrs57","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340179700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799503643","display_name":"Columbia University Irving Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01esghr10","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799503643"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin Silvestri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Columbia University/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Avenue, New York"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Columbia University/New York Presbyterian Hospital, Avenue, New York","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340179700","https://openalex.org/I2799503643","https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093378603","display_name":"Milanie Milan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7565-6205","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7565-6205"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126298","display_name":"Duke Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/03njmea73","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298","https://openalex.org/I4210144876"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milanie Milan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7565-6205","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham North Carolina","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126298"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072136523","display_name":"Martha Godfrey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-1565","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-1565"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126307644","display_name":"University of Iowa","ror":"https://ror.org/036jqmy94","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martha Godfrey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1143-1565","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126307644"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101787177","display_name":"Jennifer Hechao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-3036","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-3036"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer H. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5281-3036","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049602657","display_name":"Kirstyn E. Brownson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-9625","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-9625"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801159745","display_name":"Huntsman Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03v7tx966","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801159745","https://openalex.org/I4210148268"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kirstyn E. Brownson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6060-9625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165","https://openalex.org/I2801159745"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020328798","display_name":"Jenny M. Guido","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-7771","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-7771"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189957204","display_name":"University of South Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/0043h8f16","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jenny M. Guido","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3812-7771","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189957204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116841909","display_name":"Benjamin D. Ferguson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8358-3368","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8358-3368"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Benjamin D. Ferguson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018576865","display_name":"Rondi Beth Gelbard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-4943","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3613-4943"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32389192","display_name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham","ror":"https://ror.org/008s83205","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rondi Gelbard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32389192"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065422710","display_name":"Tasha Posid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-2726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2943-2726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802841970","display_name":"The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00c01js51","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tasha Posid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Urology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802841970"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019191082","display_name":"Joseph C. L\u2019Huillier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-9754","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-9754"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph C. L\u2019Huillier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135859824","display_name":"Emma Gilman Burke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4872-0006","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4872-0006"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emma G. Burke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4872-0006","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053298711","display_name":"Olabisi Ololade Sheppard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0185-187X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0185-187X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801408281","display_name":"WellStar Kennestone Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03zvd4s03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1287435762","https://openalex.org/I2801408281"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olabisi O. Sheppard","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, WellStar Kennestone Regional Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia - WellStar Campus, Marietta, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, WellStar Kennestone Regional Medical Center, Medical College of Georgia - WellStar Campus, Marietta, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801408281"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029041920","display_name":"Nina W. Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-505X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9847-505X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108791","display_name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01gc0wp38","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799343972","https://openalex.org/I4210108791"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58956616","display_name":"Case Western Reserve University","ror":"https://ror.org/051fd9666","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nina W. Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108791","https://openalex.org/I58956616"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029740269","display_name":"Erika Simmerman Mabes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0552","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0552"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25041050","display_name":"Augusta University","ror":"https://ror.org/012mef835","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Simmerman Mabes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7242-0552","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25041050"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028075945","display_name":"Dylan Rhichard Nieman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-1365","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-1365"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan R. Nieman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7268-1365","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136175229","display_name":"Colleen Mcdermott","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Colleen McDermott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022431152","display_name":"Prajjwol Luitel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-5575","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6725-5575"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155028946","display_name":"Tribhuvan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02rg1r889","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405258250","display_name":"Maharajgunj Medical Campus","ror":"https://ror.org/00bzk5h02","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405258250","https://openalex.org/I4405260107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405260107","display_name":"Institute of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/038ymyw44","country_code":"NP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405260107"]}],"countries":["NP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Prajjwol Luitel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155028946","https://openalex.org/I4405258250","https://openalex.org/I4405260107"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140257633","display_name":"Jonathan Davies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4329-0208","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4329-0208"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204465549","display_name":"Washington University in St. Louis","ror":"https://ror.org/01yc7t268","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204465549"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I867280407","display_name":"The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/05byvp690","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan T. Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas Texas"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-4329-0208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas Texas","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204465549","https://openalex.org/I867280407"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140292036","display_name":"Trenton Foster","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Trenton Foster","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077853929","display_name":"Sarah B. Lund","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-5916","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-5916"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1330342723","display_name":"Mayo Clinic","ror":"https://ror.org/02qp3tb03","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27837315","display_name":"University of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/00jmfr291","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Lund","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: slund@alum.mit.edu"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2214-5916","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota. Electronic address: slund@alum.mit.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1330342723","https://openalex.org/I27837315"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":29,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3420},"apc_paid":{"value":3420,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3420},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"10","first_page":"104102","last_page":"104102"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12602","display_name":"Medical Education and Admissions","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10843","display_name":"Diversity and Career in Medicine","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10254","display_name":"Innovations in Medical Education","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference-signaling","display_name":"preference signaling","score":0.800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-surgery-residency","display_name":"general surgery residency","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residency-program-directors","display_name":"residency program directors","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/candidate-screening","display_name":"applicant screening","score":0.5860000252723694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.6516000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4957999885082245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.415800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.34130001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.3411000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.31850001215934753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.3098999857902527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.26750001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61434518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932510","display_name":"General surgery","level":1,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2565999925136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2565999925136566}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004503","descriptor_name":"Education, Medical, Graduate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007396","descriptor_name":"Internship and Residency","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008486","descriptor_name":"Physician Executives","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010560","descriptor_name":"Personnel Selection","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013502","descriptor_name":"General Surgery","qualifier_ui":"Q000193","qualifier_name":"education","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74622277","display_name":"Journal of surgical education","issn_l":"1878-7452","issn":["1878-7452","1931-7204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Surgical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42600440","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42600440","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of surgical education","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2026.104102","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S74622277","display_name":"Journal of surgical education","issn_l":"1878-7452","issn":["1878-7452","1931-7204"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Surgical Education","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307533","display_name":"Association for Surgical Education Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03fjjmv72"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2794580903","https://openalex.org/W3201742503","https://openalex.org/W4210365282","https://openalex.org/W4366141331","https://openalex.org/W4386823692","https://openalex.org/W4389315546","https://openalex.org/W4394770443","https://openalex.org/W4402212324","https://openalex.org/W4403664060","https://openalex.org/W4412507478","https://openalex.org/W4414904402","https://openalex.org/W7117138321","https://openalex.org/W7167721702","https://openalex.org/W7170555892"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7167721702","https://openalex.org/W7167816123","https://openalex.org/W4414904402","https://openalex.org/W7214684784","https://openalex.org/W4413369782","https://openalex.org/W7214242780","https://openalex.org/W7208750051","https://openalex.org/W7170555892","https://openalex.org/W7117562869","https://openalex.org/W7126100214"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"This":[1,24],"study":[2,25],"aimed":[3,27],"to":[4,19,28,52,82,130,133,150,199,269,284],"characterize":[5],"program":[6,31,39,56,69,85,177],"director":[7,32,70],"experiences":[8,33,71],"with":[9,58,72,261],"and":[10,34,41,120,160,204],"attitudes":[11,35],"toward":[12],"preference":[13],"signaling":[14,174,259],"after":[15],"transitioning":[16],"from":[17,279],"5":[18,151],"15":[20,153,193,270],"signals":[21,104,123,143,154,194,223,244,271,290],"per":[22],"applicant.":[23],"also":[26],"determine":[29],"how":[30,288],"were":[36,168,217],"influenced":[37],"by":[38,176],"type":[40,178],"competitiveness.":[42,180],"DESIGN:":[43],"An":[44],"anonymous,":[45],"voluntary":[46],"survey":[47,80],"was":[48,76],"distributed":[49],"in":[50,173,224,245,293],"2025":[51],"all":[53,112],"general":[54,83,240],"surgery":[55,84,241],"directors":[57],"publicly":[59],"available":[60],"email":[61],"addresses":[62],"(n":[63],"=":[64,202,207],"348).":[65],"Survey":[66],"items":[67],"explored":[68],"signaling.":[73],"Descriptive":[74],"analysis":[75],"performed.":[77],"SETTING:":[78],"Electronic":[79],"administered":[81],"directors.":[86],"PARTICIPANTS:":[87],"Forty":[88],"PDs":[89,95,102,139,182,216,242,253],"(55%":[90],"university-based":[91],"programs,":[92],"77.5%":[93],"became":[94],"pre-signaling)":[96],"completed":[97],"the":[98,161,184,189,227,237,257,267,294],"survey.":[99],"RESULTS:":[100],"All":[101,181],"used":[103,122,243],"when":[105],"reviewing":[106],"applicants":[107,200,286],"for":[108],"interview:":[109],"42.5%":[110],"reviewed":[111,117],"signaled":[113,118],"applicants,":[114,119],"22.5%":[115],"only":[116,211],"25%":[121],"as":[124,195],"part":[125],"of":[126,138,163,186,192,215,222,248,256],"a":[127,246],"scoring":[128],"system":[129,191],"decide":[131],"who":[132],"fully":[134,165],"review.":[135],"The":[136],"majority":[137,228],"(61%)":[140],"felt":[141],"that":[142,266],"overall":[144],"decreased":[145,156],"application":[146,157,225,273],"review":[147,158,274],"time.":[148],"Compared":[149],"signals,":[152],"further":[155],"time":[159],"number":[162],"applications":[164],"reviewed.":[166],"There":[167],"no":[169],"statistically":[170],"discernible":[171],"differences":[172],"practices":[175],"or":[179],"supported":[183],"continuation":[185],"signaling,":[187],"rating":[188],"current":[190,258],"highly":[196],"beneficial":[197],"both":[198],"(mean":[201,206],"7.1/10)":[203],"programs":[205,280],"8.2/10).":[208],"Further,":[209],"while":[210],"about":[212],"half":[213,264],"(58%)":[214],"historically":[218],"transparent":[219],"regarding":[220],"use":[221],"screening,":[226],"(84%)":[229],"endorsed":[230],"full":[231],"transparency":[232,278],"moving":[233],"forward.":[234],"CONCLUSIONS:":[235],"In":[236],"15-signal":[238],"era,":[239],"variety":[247],"ways":[249],"during":[250],"residency":[251],"recruitment.":[252],"are":[254,291],"supportive":[255],"system,":[260],"more":[262],"than":[263],"finding":[265],"increase":[268],"improved":[272],"efficiency.":[275],"Moving":[276],"forward,":[277],"will":[281],"be":[282],"crucial":[283],"ensure":[285],"understand":[287],"their":[289],"interpreted":[292],"recruitment":[295],"process.":[296]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-27T15:51:10.671819","created_date":"2026-08-15T00:00:00"}
