{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7203468692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","title":"Pharmacological and Non Pharmacological Labor Pain Management among Licensed Obstetric Care Providers in Ethiopia: Practice Patterns and Predictors from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","display_name":"Pharmacological and Non Pharmacological Labor Pain Management among Licensed Obstetric Care Providers in Ethiopia: Practice Patterns and Predictors from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7203468692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10692127/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10692127/latest.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015486555","display_name":"Wondu Feyisa Balcha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-3363","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-3363"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wondu Feyisa Balcha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7639-3363","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054268582","display_name":"Tewodros Worku Bogale","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386471","display_name":"Injibara University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nn2f254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386471"]}],"countries":["CN","ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tewodros Worku Bogale","raw_affiliation_strings":["2School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China 3College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"2School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong, China 3College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455","https://openalex.org/I4403386471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011324675","display_name":"Amanuel Tebabal Nega","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-0310","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5041-0310"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanuel Tebabal Nega","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147199416","display_name":"Gebeyehu Masresha Teferi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802808794","display_name":"All Africa Leprosy Tuberculosis and Rehabilitation Training Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/02v05yj51","country_code":"ET","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802808794"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gebeyehu Masresha Teferi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ALERT Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, ALERT Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802808794"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093638793","display_name":"Lewegneh Wegayehu Tessema","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-402X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-402X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lewegneh Wegayehu Tessema","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, Gambella Teachers and Health Science College, Gambella, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, Gambella Teachers and Health Science College, Gambella, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018888318","display_name":"Eden Asmare Kassahun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3278-1193","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3278-1193"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eden Asmare Kassahun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075439418","display_name":"Alemwork Abie Getu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alemwork Abie Getu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001227037","display_name":"Desalegn Getnet Demsie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-7398","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9384-7398"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Desalegn Getnet Demsie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmacology Pharmacy Education and Services Directorate, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmacology Pharmacy Education and Services Directorate, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023615462","display_name":"Chernet Tafere","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chernet Tafere Negesse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042686958","display_name":"Kebede Feyisa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-1746","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5143-1746"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kebede Feyisa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084675575","display_name":"Biset Asrade Mekonnen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-7146","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8799-7146"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Biset Asrade Mekonnen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105098691","display_name":"Tefera Minwagaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6982-9486","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6982-9486"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tefera Minwagaw Biadigilign","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Administrative, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Administrative, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062639753","display_name":"Zenaw Debasu Addisu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-5875","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6933-5875"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zenaw Debasu Addisu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025201299","display_name":"Wondim Alemu Ayenew","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-8430","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8504-8430"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8764889","display_name":"University of Gondar","ror":"https://ror.org/0595gz585","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wondim Ayenew","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026489220","display_name":"Ebrahim Abdela Siraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4921-6526","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4921-6526"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ebrahim Abdela Siraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056922344","display_name":"Segenet Zewdie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-7819","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2764-7819"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4403386471","display_name":"Injibara University","ror":"https://ror.org/00nn2f254","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4403386471"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Segenet Zewdie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4403386471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057000126","display_name":"Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-5147","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7676-5147"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8764889","display_name":"University of Gondar","ror":"https://ror.org/0595gz585","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeniewa Kerie Anagaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8764889"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5116242856","display_name":"Gizachew Motbaynor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-7049","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6273-7049"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gizachew Motbaynor Alene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089323643","display_name":"Malede Berihun Yismaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-304X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2488-304X"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Malede Berihun Yismaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003856914","display_name":"Adane Yehualaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8369","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3207-8369"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adane Yehualaw Wendalem","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5138254151","display_name":"Selamawit Yimer Kebede","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9577-7160","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9577-7160"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selamawit Yimer Kebede","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093269171","display_name":"Endalamaw Aschale Mihiretie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-6514","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7120-6514"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Endalamaw Aschale Mihiretie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064350197","display_name":"Simachew Animen Bante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-635X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7143-635X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simachew Animen Bante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043689204","display_name":"Azimeraw Arega Tesfu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-0931","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9627-0931"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azimeraw Arega Tesfu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036531935","display_name":"Berihun Assefa Demissie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-8012","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1490-8012"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Berihun Assefa Demissie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physiotherapy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5140519510","display_name":"Yonas Mengistu Abebe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159389","display_name":"St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College","ror":"https://ror.org/04ax47y98","country_code":"ET","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210159389"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonas Mengistu Abebe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Maternity, Saint Paulo\u2019s Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Maternity, Saint Paulo\u2019s Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159389"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107976411","display_name":"Wondimagegn Genaneh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-2027","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6480-2027"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101494","display_name":"Wolaita Sodo University","ror":"https://ror.org/0106a2j17","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101494"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wondimagegn Genaneh Shiferaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101494"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120160164","display_name":"Solomon Medina Megule","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Solomon Medina Megule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Bonga University, Bonga, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Bonga University, Bonga, Ethiopia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067749071","display_name":"Fikadu Waltengus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-7628","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3486-7628"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fikadu Waltengus Sendeku","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042586039","display_name":"Almaz Nibret Belay","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Almaz Nibret Belay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085330824","display_name":"Amlaku Mulat Awoke","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amlaku Mulat Awoke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033751885","display_name":"Fentahun Alemnew Chekole","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-2607","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3804-2607"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57092466","display_name":"Bahir Dar University","ror":"https://ror.org/01670bg46","country_code":"ET","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}],"countries":["ET"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fentahun Alemnew Chekole","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015486555"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57092466"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10453","display_name":"Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions","score":0.4909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10453","display_name":"Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions","score":0.4909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10189","display_name":"Anesthesia and Pain Management","score":0.454800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2703","display_name":"Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12715","display_name":"Pregnancy-related medical research","score":0.006800000090152025,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2729","display_name":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/labor-analgesia","display_name":"labor analgesia","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-pharmacological-pain-management","display_name":"non-pharmacological pain management","score":0.8199999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacological-pain-management","display_name":"pharmacological pain management","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstetric-care-providers","display_name":"obstetric care providers","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/practice-patterns","display_name":"clinical practice patterns","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrapartum-care","display_name":"intrapartum care","score":0.8379999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respectful-maternity-care","display_name":"respectful maternity care","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-management-protocol","display_name":"standardized management protocol","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethiopia","display_name":"Ethiopia","score":0.9470000267028809}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8371999859809875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779356329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q922625","display_name":"Checklist","level":2,"score":0.7601000070571899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2991701371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34581","display_name":"Labor pain","level":3,"score":0.588699996471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.5748000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983098980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q621261","display_name":"Pain management","level":2,"score":0.5263000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.4921000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.4837999939918518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4242999851703644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.4016999900341034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.367900013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.35929998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152541439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5186693","display_name":"Critical appraisal","level":3,"score":0.321399986743927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992232542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20862341","display_name":"Maternity care","level":3,"score":0.3190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7493553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520777","display_name":"Certainty","level":2,"score":0.3012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.27950000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141330323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2354820","display_name":"Evidence-based practice","level":3,"score":0.2538999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10692127/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10692127/v1","pdf_url":"https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-10692127/latest.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"},{"display_name":"Meta-Analysis","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/meta-analysis"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203468692.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7203468692.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7168121788","https://openalex.org/W4407712403","https://openalex.org/W7223289736","https://openalex.org/W4404737794","https://openalex.org/W4408582365","https://openalex.org/W4389037299","https://openalex.org/W4225409083","https://openalex.org/W4224228453","https://openalex.org/W7165155931","https://openalex.org/W4213420533"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Background":[1],"Labor":[2],"pain":[3,24,43],"is":[4,192],"a":[5],"distinctive":[6],"physiological":[7],"and":[8,39,62,70,80,97,109,128,158,174,189],"psychological":[9],"experience":[10],"requiring":[11],"effective":[12],"management":[13,25,44],"to":[14,146,194],"ensure":[15],"respectful":[16],"maternity":[17],"care.":[18,198],"Global":[19],"guidelines":[20],"recommend":[21],"both":[22],"labor":[23,42],"approaches,":[26],"yet":[27],"implementation":[28],"in":[29,88],"Ethiopia":[30],"remains":[31],"inconsistent.":[32],"This":[33],"review":[34],"assessed":[35,93],"the":[36,75,81],"pooled":[37,135],"prevalence":[38,136],"predictors":[40],"of":[41,111,137,168,184],"practices":[45],"(LPMPs)":[46],"among":[47],"licensed":[48],"obstetric":[49],"care":[50],"providers":[51],"(OCPs).":[52],"Methods":[53],"A":[54],"comprehensive":[55],"search":[56],"was":[57,86,139,143,170],"conducted":[58],"across":[59],"major":[60],"databases":[61],"institutional":[63],"repositories":[64],"for":[65,124,130,150,172,176],"studies":[66,118],"published":[67],"between":[68],"2018":[69],"2025.":[71],"Critical":[72],"appraisal":[73],"used":[74],"Joanna":[76],"Briggs":[77],"Institute":[78],"checklist":[79],"modified":[82],"Newcastle\u2013Ottawa":[83],"Scale.":[84],"Meta\u2011analysis":[85],"performed":[87],"STATA":[89],"17,":[90],"with":[91,104,165],"heterogeneity":[92],"using":[94,114],"Cochran\u2019s":[95],"Q":[96],"I\u00b2.":[98],"Pooled":[99],"adjusted":[100],"odds":[101],"ratios":[102],"(AORs)":[103],"95%":[105],"CI":[106],"were":[107,119,162],"calculated,":[108],"certainty":[110],"evidence":[112,169],"rated":[113],"GRADE.":[115],"Results":[116],"Twenty":[117],"included,":[120],"comprising":[121],"5,272":[122],"participants":[123],"non\u2011pharmacological":[125],"LPMP":[126,132],"(N\u2011PLPMP)":[127],"3,586":[129],"pharmacological":[131],"(P\u2011PLPMP).":[133],"The":[134],"N\u2011PLPMP":[138,173],"42.8%,":[140],"whereas":[141],"P\u2011PLPMP":[142],"21.1%,":[144],"decreasing":[145],"15.2%":[147],"after":[148],"adjustment":[149],"publication":[151],"bias.":[152],"Knowledge,":[153],"favorable":[154],"attitudes,":[155],"supportive":[156],"environments,":[157],"managment":[159],"protocol":[160],"availability":[161],"consistently":[163],"associated":[164],"N\u2011PLPMP.":[166],"Certainty":[167],"moderate":[171],"low":[175],"P\u2011PLPMP.":[177],"Conclusions":[178],"Both":[179],"P&NPLPMPs":[180],"remain":[181],"suboptimal.":[182],"Adoption":[183],"standardized":[185],"protocols,":[186],"strengthened":[187],"training,":[188],"systemic":[190],"support":[191],"essential":[193],"advance":[195],"evidence\u2011based":[196],"intrapartum":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2026-08-15T00:00:00"}