{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202390780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","title":"Fuzzy geographical detector: enhancing spatial attribution analysis for continuous geographical variables","display_name":"Fuzzy geographical detector: enhancing spatial attribution analysis for continuous geographical variables","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202390780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021108173","display_name":"Jiazheng Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-0661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8417-0661","https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5708-667X","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7120-2279"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767971","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","ror":"https://ror.org/03w41by72","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazheng Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036257989","display_name":"Shifen Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9553-8318","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9553-8318"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767971","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","ror":"https://ror.org/03w41by72","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shifen Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399726","display_name":"Wenhui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-7071","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1453-7071"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767971","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","ror":"https://ror.org/03w41by72","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100344683","display_name":"Jinfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-9420","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-9420","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-0395"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767971","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","ror":"https://ror.org/03w41by72","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6687-9420","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5137716849","display_name":"Feng Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-2550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6573-2550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210141657","display_name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","ror":"https://ror.org/045yewh40","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152031979","https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210160793","display_name":"Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04t1cdb72","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391767971","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System","ror":"https://ror.org/03w41by72","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80947539","display_name":"Fuzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/011xvna82","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210141657"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, CAS","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Academy of Digital China, Fuzhou University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80947539"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5036257989"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210160793","https://openalex.org/I4210165038","https://openalex.org/I4391767971"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63984548,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"30"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11911","display_name":"Spatial and Panel Data Analysis","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13832","display_name":"Advanced Decision-Making Techniques","score":0.007600000128149986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12853","display_name":"Historical Geography and Geographical Thought","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3305","display_name":"Geography, Planning and Development"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geographic-detector","display_name":"geographical detector","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interaction-analysis","display_name":"interaction analysis","score":0.6520000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-intersection","display_name":"fuzzy intersection","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-boundaries","display_name":"fuzzy boundaries","score":0.7459999918937683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.6629999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5875999927520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.49380001425743103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4772000014781952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.4442000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2557224","display_name":"Explanatory power","level":2,"score":0.438400000333786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41999998688697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4187999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94747663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574086","display_name":"Spatial variability","level":2,"score":0.41620001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.39480000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3822999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3734999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143299363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900584","display_name":"Attribution","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159620131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983","display_name":"Spatial analysis","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.34769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780049643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5511139","display_name":"Fuzzy rule","level":4,"score":0.3384000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158709400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3578586","display_name":"Spatial ecology","level":2,"score":0.29420000314712524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.29330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2858999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196083921","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7915758","display_name":"Variance (accounting)","level":2,"score":0.28459998965263367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.28439998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.26100000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2026.2716284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181446","display_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Systems","issn_l":"0269-3798","issn":["0269-3798","1362-3087"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["dongbi-b","poland-100"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Geographical Information Science","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.44593337178230286}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3107574807","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42371469","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002641493","https://openalex.org/W2058860308","https://openalex.org/W2149426509","https://openalex.org/W2163283323","https://openalex.org/W2267432026","https://openalex.org/W2318494363","https://openalex.org/W2343188872","https://openalex.org/W2949505632","https://openalex.org/W3024110832","https://openalex.org/W3034240754","https://openalex.org/W3045838541","https://openalex.org/W3092230576","https://openalex.org/W3134926361","https://openalex.org/W3149216117","https://openalex.org/W3183431732","https://openalex.org/W3188524028","https://openalex.org/W3202914192","https://openalex.org/W4225146131","https://openalex.org/W4283702811","https://openalex.org/W4285665422","https://openalex.org/W4297314431","https://openalex.org/W4306251468","https://openalex.org/W4309446901","https://openalex.org/W4310276548","https://openalex.org/W4313420317","https://openalex.org/W4322621178","https://openalex.org/W4366599894","https://openalex.org/W4385213917","https://openalex.org/W4388230933","https://openalex.org/W4391593114","https://openalex.org/W4399531853","https://openalex.org/W4403986022","https://openalex.org/W4404368109","https://openalex.org/W4406132763","https://openalex.org/W4409169700","https://openalex.org/W4410360975"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"geographical":[1,87],"detector":[2,88],"(GD)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,66,85,127],"widely":[6],"applied":[7],"method":[8],"that":[9,60,167],"uses":[10],"the":[11,15,33,39,79,102,106,111,121,159,177,181],"q-statistic":[12],"to":[13,65,72,90,150,188],"assess":[14],"explanatory":[16,103,155],"power":[17,104],"of":[18,108,114,123,162],"variables":[19,156],"and":[20,38,76,94,135,172,192],"identify":[21],"their":[22,70],"interactions.":[23],"However,":[24],"GD":[25,118],"relies":[26],"on":[27],"deterministic":[28],"spatial":[29,55,62,92,98,145],"stratification,":[30,56],"which":[31],"ignores":[32],"fine-grained":[34],"variation":[35,134,191],"within":[36],"strata":[37],"gradual":[40,136],"transitions":[41,137],"between":[42,138],"strata,":[43],"resulting":[44],"in":[45,117],"information":[46],"loss.":[47],"While":[48],"some":[49],"enhanced":[50],"methods":[51],"have":[52],"incorporated":[53],"fuzzy":[54,86,148,152,193],"they":[57],"still":[58],"assume":[59],"each":[61],"unit":[63],"belongs":[64],"single":[67],"stratum,":[68],"limiting":[69],"ability":[71,187],"capture":[73],"multiple":[74],"memberships":[75],"potentially":[77],"biasing":[78],"detection":[80],"results.":[81],"Therefore,":[82],"we":[83],"propose":[84],"(FGD)":[89],"improve":[91],"attribution":[93,174],"interaction":[95,141,160],"analysis.":[96],"For":[97,140],"attribution,":[99],"FGD":[100,143,168],"evaluates":[101],"using":[105],"coefficient":[107],"determination,":[109],"with":[110,147],"within-stratum":[112,133,190],"sum":[113,122],"squares":[115],"used":[116],"replaced":[119],"by":[120],"squared":[124],"errors":[125],"from":[126],"membership-weighted":[128],"reconstruction,":[129],"thereby":[130],"capturing":[131],"both":[132],"strata.":[139],"analysis,":[142],"replaces":[144],"overlays":[146],"intersections":[149],"detect":[151],"interactions":[153],"among":[154],"while":[157,180],"retaining":[158],"criteria":[161],"GD.":[163],"Simulation":[164],"experiments":[165],"showed":[166],"produced":[169],"more":[170],"accurate":[171],"stable":[173],"results":[175],"than":[176],"comparison":[178],"methods,":[179],"empirical":[182],"case":[183],"study":[184],"illustrated":[185],"its":[186],"represent":[189],"boundaries.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-10T09:11:00.788812","created_date":"2026-08-14T00:00:00"}