{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202387339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","title":"Does gender diversity affect the financial efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities?","display_name":"Does gender diversity affect the financial efficiency of Spanish Port Authorities?","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202387339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569126002322/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8178725","display_name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","issn_l":"0964-5691","issn":["0964-5691","1873-524X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ocean &amp; Coastal Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569126002322/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069280924","display_name":"Daniel Coronado","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-9135","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-9135"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Coronado","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047506721","display_name":"M. \u00c1ngeles Mart\u00ednez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-2726","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-2726"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. \u00c1ngeles Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3583-2726","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062922929","display_name":"Maria del Mar Mu\u00f1oz Leonisio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-035X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-035X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39147953","display_name":"Universidad de C\u00e1diz","ror":"https://ror.org/04mxxkb11","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Mar Mu\u00f1oz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-035X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Economics, University of C\u00e1diz, C\u00e1diz, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062922929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39147953"],"apc_list":{"value":4350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4350},"apc_paid":{"value":4350,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4350},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66042438,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"281","issue":null,"first_page":"108323","last_page":"108323"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11047","display_name":"Gender Diversity and Inequality","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11432","display_name":"Gender Politics and Representation","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10019","display_name":"Corporate Finance and Governance","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1402","display_name":"Accounting"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-diversity","display_name":"gender diversity","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/board-of-directors","display_name":"board of directors","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-teams","display_name":"management teams","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-efficiency","display_name":"financial efficiency","score":0.9110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port-authorities","display_name":"port authorities","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"corporate governance","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation-of-women","display_name":"representation of women","score":0.8190000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maritime-industry","display_name":"maritime industry","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spanish-ports","display_name":"Spanish ports","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port-size","display_name":"port size","score":0.6200000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778397978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1501335","display_name":"Gender diversity","level":3,"score":0.8810999989509583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.8123000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781316041","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1230584","display_name":"Diversity (politics)","level":2,"score":0.7307000160217285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.722100019454956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993152109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068155","display_name":"Gender balance","level":2,"score":0.7028999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22088475","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647974","display_name":"Data envelopment analysis","level":2,"score":0.6481000185012817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.631600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.5360999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121955636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214","display_name":"Accounting","level":1,"score":0.5044999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.41940000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992299759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113453","display_name":"Gender equality","level":2,"score":0.34139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986619947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30103150","display_name":"Gender gap","level":2,"score":0.33379998803138733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.3264999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.3206999897956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987597579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155930","display_name":"Maritime industry","level":2,"score":0.31709998846054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.30970001220703125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C506796395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4738155","display_name":"Financial management","level":2,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993271050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93200","display_name":"Gender discrimination","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.257999986410141}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569126002322/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8178725","display_name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","issn_l":"0964-5691","issn":["0964-5691","1873-524X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ocean &amp; Coastal Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2026.108323","pdf_url":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0964569126002322/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8178725","display_name":"Ocean & Coastal Management","issn_l":"0964-5691","issn":["0964-5691","1873-524X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ocean &amp; Coastal Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6025999784469604,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"},{"score":0.5,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6835933923721313,"display_name":"Gender equality","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202387339.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202387339.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":82,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W619770387","https://openalex.org/W1492605786","https://openalex.org/W1853206566","https://openalex.org/W1970177130","https://openalex.org/W1972676642","https://openalex.org/W1974081601","https://openalex.org/W1979921136","https://openalex.org/W1982875404","https://openalex.org/W1986661732","https://openalex.org/W1987770603","https://openalex.org/W1991728865","https://openalex.org/W1996181923","https://openalex.org/W1997111770","https://openalex.org/W1998217230","https://openalex.org/W2002474860","https://openalex.org/W2003559109","https://openalex.org/W2008967086","https://openalex.org/W2010751726","https://openalex.org/W2019276174","https://openalex.org/W2019384042","https://openalex.org/W2021291068","https://openalex.org/W2025006224","https://openalex.org/W2027823003","https://openalex.org/W2035809350","https://openalex.org/W2040218078","https://openalex.org/W2044050489","https://openalex.org/W2044076374","https://openalex.org/W2044727908","https://openalex.org/W2047077547","https://openalex.org/W2050176161","https://openalex.org/W2070970562","https://openalex.org/W2073452531","https://openalex.org/W2076452041","https://openalex.org/W2077457427","https://openalex.org/W2080445360","https://openalex.org/W2081202085","https://openalex.org/W2081623004","https://openalex.org/W2081803303","https://openalex.org/W2084660657","https://openalex.org/W2088894329","https://openalex.org/W2092880597","https://openalex.org/W2103482247","https://openalex.org/W2106196902","https://openalex.org/W2117142641","https://openalex.org/W2127036993","https://openalex.org/W2129763896","https://openalex.org/W2136229154","https://openalex.org/W2144680320","https://openalex.org/W2153656530","https://openalex.org/W2168978055","https://openalex.org/W2172991330","https://openalex.org/W2224588953","https://openalex.org/W2259374622","https://openalex.org/W2278117217","https://openalex.org/W2327423252","https://openalex.org/W2343262545","https://openalex.org/W2369985350","https://openalex.org/W2414213196","https://openalex.org/W2624535983","https://openalex.org/W2626025585","https://openalex.org/W2768544811","https://openalex.org/W2898208833","https://openalex.org/W2908106486","https://openalex.org/W2914319083","https://openalex.org/W2964653339","https://openalex.org/W2965259355","https://openalex.org/W2971899255","https://openalex.org/W2982650213","https://openalex.org/W2995028239","https://openalex.org/W2995621334","https://openalex.org/W3021889044","https://openalex.org/W3036409374","https://openalex.org/W3042453589","https://openalex.org/W3114458975","https://openalex.org/W3122496457","https://openalex.org/W3123323948","https://openalex.org/W3123514894","https://openalex.org/W3124164974","https://openalex.org/W3128589790","https://openalex.org/W3138398808","https://openalex.org/W3152467085","https://openalex.org/W4388557768"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Gender":[0],"diversity":[1,31,87,102,114],"in":[2,15,39,58,131],"corporate":[3],"governance":[4,133],"has":[5],"been":[6],"extensively":[7],"examined":[8],"across":[9],"economic":[10],"sectors;":[11],"however,":[12],"its":[13],"role":[14],"the":[16,52,61],"traditionally":[17],"male-dominated":[18],"maritime":[19],"and":[20,36,66,80,88,93,139],"port":[21,91,132],"industry":[22],"remains":[23],"largely":[24],"unexplored.":[25],"This":[26,122],"paper":[27],"investigates":[28],"whether":[29],"gender":[30,86,101,137],"on":[32,83,103],"boards":[33,104],"of":[34,64,85,105],"directors":[35,106],"management":[37,116],"teams":[38,117],"Spanish":[40,54],"Port":[41,55],"Authorities":[42,56],"is":[43,107,145],"associated":[44,109],"with":[45,110],"financial":[46,69],"efficiency,":[47,112],"using":[48],"cross-sectional":[49],"data":[50],"from":[51],"28":[53],"observed":[57],"2019.":[59],"Following":[60],"two-stage":[62],"approach":[63],"Simar":[65],"Wilson":[67],"(2007),":[68],"efficiency":[70],"scores":[71],"are":[72],"first":[73],"estimated":[74],"through":[75],"bootstrapped":[76],"Data":[77],"Envelopment":[78],"Analysis":[79],"then":[81],"regressed":[82],"measures":[84],"controls":[89],"for":[90],"size":[92],"cargo":[94],"specialisation.":[95],"The":[96],"results":[97],"indicate":[98],"that":[99,125],"greater":[100],"significantly":[108],"higher":[111],"whereas":[113],"within":[115],"shows":[118],"no":[119],"significant":[120],"association.":[121],"findings":[123],"suggest":[124],"initiatives":[126],"to":[127],"increase":[128],"women's":[129],"representation":[130],"may":[134],"support":[135],"both":[136],"balance":[138],"organisational":[140],"performance,":[141],"provided":[142],"sector-specific":[143],"expertise":[144],"ensured.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-01T08:54:57.152042","created_date":"2026-08-14T00:00:00"}
