{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202372218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","title":"Criminal Liability in Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Malpractice: Normative Voids and Challenges of Modern Health Law","display_name":"Criminal Liability in Artificial Intelligence-Based Medical Malpractice: Normative Voids and Challenges of Modern Health Law","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202372218","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","pdf_url":"https://goldenratio.id/index.php/grlspr/article/download/2383/1748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281814","display_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","issn_l":"2808-2923","issn":["2808-2923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://goldenratio.id/index.php/grlspr/article/download/2383/1748","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147138871","display_name":"Nirwan Afandy","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nirwan Afandy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073559600","display_name":"Hasbuddin Khalid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3234-4173","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3234-4173"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasbuddin Khalid","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111103758","display_name":"Satrih Hasyim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0960-0688","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0006-0960-0688"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210116576","display_name":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","ror":"https://ror.org/02c0s8023","country_code":"ID","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}],"countries":["ID"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Satrih Hasyim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitas Muslim Indonesia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitas Muslim Indonesia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210116576"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59128823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"85"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12339","display_name":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","score":0.8794000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12339","display_name":"Medical Malpractice and Liability Issues","score":0.8794000148773193,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3611","display_name":"Pharmacy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13364","display_name":"Digitalization, Law, and Regulation","score":0.07779999822378159,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3308","display_name":"Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13275","display_name":"Medical and Health Sciences Research","score":0.0142000000923872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criminal-liability","display_name":"criminal liability","score":0.9129999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence-in-healthcare","display_name":"artificial intelligence in healthcare","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-malpractice","display_name":"medical malpractice","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-law","display_name":"health law","score":0.9419999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normative-gaps","display_name":"normative gaps","score":0.7289999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-responsibility","display_name":"distributed responsibility","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shared-responsibility","display_name":"shared responsibility","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mens-rea","display_name":"criminal intent","score":0.8730000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/actus-reus","display_name":"actus reus","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithmic-decision-making","display_name":"algorithmic decision-making","score":0.9190000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accountability","display_name":"accountability","score":0.4779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legal-certainty","display_name":"legal certainty","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-healthcare","display_name":"digital healthcare","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ai-regulation","display_name":"AI regulation","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44725695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156","display_name":"Normative","level":2,"score":0.7318999767303467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17319257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21189184","display_name":"Statute","level":2,"score":0.670199990272522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777834853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q96776939","display_name":"Liability","level":2,"score":0.5339000225067139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202565627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146491","display_name":"Criminal law","level":2,"score":0.49630001187324524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.45750001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.44670000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C514090530","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2565355","display_name":"Medical malpractice","level":3,"score":0.41690000891685486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4115999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59149807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705497","display_name":"Strict liability","level":3,"score":0.40450000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522695570","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6517578","display_name":"Legal research","level":2,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.36629998683929443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13255150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q530962","display_name":"Health law","level":5,"score":0.35530000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199286143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Legal liability","level":3,"score":0.33820000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.33719998598098755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152588399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048403","display_name":"Mens rea","level":3,"score":0.33480000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992398822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1404417","display_name":"Criminal liability","level":3,"score":0.33169999718666077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14224292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13600188","display_name":"Conceptual framework","level":2,"score":0.33090001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200635333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158970","display_name":"Tort","level":3,"score":0.3052999973297119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776798817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318836","display_name":"Malpractice","level":2,"score":0.3034999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68365596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2632182","display_name":"Medical law","level":2,"score":0.2971999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374244","display_name":"Empirical legal studies","level":3,"score":0.2906000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21333345","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519843","display_name":"Health technology","level":3,"score":0.28790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504945742","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146071","display_name":"Criminal procedure","level":2,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778890055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192543","display_name":"Legal doctrine","level":2,"score":0.26649999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71043370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4932206","display_name":"Jurisprudence","level":2,"score":0.2540999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C503263630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3655952","display_name":"Legal ethics","level":2,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","pdf_url":"https://goldenratio.id/index.php/grlspr/article/download/2383/1748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281814","display_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","issn_l":"2808-2923","issn":["2808-2923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","doi":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.52970/grlspr.v6i1.2383","pdf_url":"https://goldenratio.id/index.php/grlspr/article/download/2383/1748","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4387281814","display_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","issn_l":"2808-2923","issn":["2808-2923"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Golden Ratio of Law and Social Policy Review","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9595999717712402,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202372218.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202372218.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4415589452","https://openalex.org/W7166640189","https://openalex.org/W7219997059","https://openalex.org/W4417214449","https://openalex.org/W7172325243","https://openalex.org/W7223042411","https://openalex.org/W7211898510","https://openalex.org/W7172116985","https://openalex.org/W7128217300","https://openalex.org/W4414637911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,215],"study":[1,167],"aims":[2],"to":[3,19,35,104,126,154,183,200,223],"examine":[4],"the":[5,21,44,48,80,129,144,232,239],"construction":[6],"of":[7,12,42,50,132,140,146,234,241,255],"criminal":[8,77,158,202,256],"liability":[9,159],"in":[10,53,92,134,156,185,231],"cases":[11,186],"medical":[13,54],"malpractice":[14],"involving":[15],"artificial":[16,147],"intelligence":[17,148],"and":[18,64,76,90,110,123,163,177,211,228,243],"identify":[20],"normative":[22,59,112,151],"gaps":[23],"within":[24],"contemporary":[25],"health":[26],"law":[27],"that":[28,117,170,218,248],"hinder":[29],"effective":[30],"accountability.":[31],"It":[32,237],"further":[33],"seeks":[34],"formulate":[36],"a":[37,100,150,194,198],"responsive":[38],"legal":[39,60,72,108,119,219,226,246],"framework":[40],"capable":[41],"addressing":[43],"challenges":[45],"posed":[46],"by":[47],"integration":[49],"advanced":[51],"technologies":[52],"practice.":[55],"The":[56,67,114,138,166],"research":[57,216],"employs":[58],"methodology":[61],"using":[62,99],"statute":[63,68],"conceptual":[65,81],"approaches.":[66],"approach":[69,82],"analyzes":[70],"existing":[71,118],"provisions":[73],"governing":[74],"healthcare":[75,164],"liability,":[78],"while":[79],"explores":[83],"doctrinal":[84],"principles":[85,254],"such":[86,173],"as":[87,174],"fault,":[88],"negligence,":[89],"responsibility":[91,133,203,210],"technologically":[93],"mediated":[94,136],"environments.":[95],"Data":[96],"are":[97,124,180],"analyzed":[98],"descriptive":[101],"prescriptive":[102],"method":[103],"both":[105],"explain":[106],"current":[107],"conditions":[109],"propose":[111],"solutions.":[113],"findings":[115],"reveal":[116],"frameworks":[120,247],"remain":[121],"anthropocentric":[122],"unable":[125],"adequately":[127],"address":[128],"distributed":[130],"nature":[131],"AI":[135],"healthcare.":[137,236],"absence":[139],"explicit":[141],"regulations":[142],"on":[143],"use":[145],"creates":[149],"vacuum,":[152],"leading":[153],"uncertainty":[155],"attributing":[157],"among":[160],"physicians,":[161],"developers,":[162],"institutions.":[165],"also":[168],"finds":[169],"traditional":[171],"doctrines":[172],"mens":[175],"rea":[176],"actus":[178],"reus":[179],"increasingly":[181],"difficult":[182],"apply":[184],"where":[187],"decision":[188],"making":[189],"involves":[190],"algorithmic":[191],"systems.":[192],"As":[193],"result,":[195],"there":[196],"is":[197,221],"need":[199],"reconceptualize":[201],"through":[204],"more":[205],"adaptive":[206],"models,":[207],"including":[208],"shared":[209],"selective":[212],"strict":[213],"liability.":[214],"concludes":[217],"reform":[220],"essential":[222],"ensure":[224],"accountability,":[225],"certainty,":[227],"patient":[229],"protection":[230],"era":[233],"digital":[235],"proposes":[238],"development":[240],"integrated":[242],"forward":[244],"looking":[245],"align":[249],"technological":[250],"innovation":[251],"with":[252],"fundamental":[253],"law.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-14T00:00:00"}
