{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202363989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","title":"Developing LLM-based multi-agent systems in software engineering: a mixed-method experience report","display_name":"Developing LLM-based multi-agent systems in software engineering: a mixed-method experience report","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202363989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147126220","display_name":"Mariama Celi Serafim De Oliveira","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130217899","display_name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University","ror":"https://ror.org/029pk6x14","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130217899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["FI","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mariama Celi Serafim De Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","\u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130217899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120083968","display_name":"Motunrayo Osatohanmen Ibiyo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0308-8997","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0308-8997"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130217899","display_name":"\u00c5bo Akademi University","ror":"https://ror.org/029pk6x14","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130217899"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["FI","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Motunrayo Osatohanmen Ibiyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","\u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0308-8997","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"\u00c5bo Akademi University, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130217899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147109513","display_name":"Marco Gianrusso","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Gianrusso","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047553297","display_name":"Claudio Di Sipio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-9542","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-9542"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121883995","display_name":"Johannes Kepler University of Linz","ror":"https://ror.org/052r2xn60","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Claudio Di Sipio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9872-9542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002764716","display_name":"Davide Di Ruscio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-6793","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-6793"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Davide Di Ruscio","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5077-6793","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023235306","display_name":"Phuong T. Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4162","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4162"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26415053","display_name":"University of L'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Phuong T. Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3666-4162","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DISIM, University of L\u2019Aquila, L\u2019Aquila, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26415053"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002764716","https://openalex.org/A5023235306","https://openalex.org/A5047553297","https://openalex.org/A5120083968","https://openalex.org/A5147109513","https://openalex.org/A5147126220"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121883995","https://openalex.org/I130217899","https://openalex.org/I26415053"],"apc_list":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"apc_paid":{"value":2290,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2290},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.53876984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.39969998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.39969998598098755,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.3684000074863434,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.11270000040531158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-systems","display_name":"multi-agent systems","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/large-language-models","display_name":"large language models","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-framework","display_name":"multi-agent framework","score":0.6489999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source-framework","display_name":"open source software framework","score":0.5690000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-coordination","display_name":"agent coordination","score":0.722000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/agent-roles","display_name":"agent roles","score":0.753000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"code generation","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/framework-evaluation","display_name":"framework evaluation","score":0.4749999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lessons-learned","display_name":"lessons learned","score":0.5929999947547913}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7315999865531921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.701200008392334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6047000288963318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.5735999941825867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4359999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C529173508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q638608","display_name":"Software development","level":3,"score":0.4163999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.3716000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3555000126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.3402999937534332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.33230000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149091818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2429814","display_name":"Software system","level":3,"score":0.3057999908924103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14185376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30232","display_name":"Agile software development","level":2,"score":0.2989000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.28839999437332153}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2608.11965","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.11965","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.11965","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2608.11965","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.11965","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2608.11965","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8","pdf_url":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10664-026-10955-8.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S109852484","display_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","issn_l":"1382-3256","issn":["1382-3256","1573-7616"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-b","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319900","host_organization_name":"Springer Science+Business Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319900","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Springer Science+Business Media","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Empirical Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7552579862","display_name":"Management, Orchestration and Supervision of AI-agent COmmunities for reliable AI in software engineering","funder_award_id":"101189664","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323718","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi dell'Aquila","ror":"https://ror.org/01j9p1r26"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202363989.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202363989.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4411811242","https://openalex.org/W4410796695","https://openalex.org/W7214217522","https://openalex.org/W7093104683","https://openalex.org/W7162354219","https://openalex.org/W7147036276","https://openalex.org/W7124866172","https://openalex.org/W4405522181","https://openalex.org/W7203778781","https://openalex.org/W7121287447"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"The":[1,150,184],"proliferation":[2],"of":[3,73,102,111,136,162,220],"Generative":[4],"Artificial":[5],"Intelligence":[6],"(Gen":[7],"AI)":[8],"powered":[9],"by":[10,100],"large":[11],"language":[12],"models":[13],"(LLMs)":[14],"has":[15],"transformed":[16],"the":[17,82,94,112,146,204,211],"software":[18,121,147],"development":[19],"process,":[20],"introducing":[21],"new":[22],"paradigms":[23],"for":[24,75,93,117,181],"code":[25],"generation,":[26],"debugging,":[27],"testing,":[28],"and":[29,89,115,141,169,172,179,223,229],"maintenance.":[30],"While":[31],"early":[32],"applications":[33],"focused":[34],"on":[35],"leveraging":[36],"single,":[37],"independent":[38],"LLMs":[39],"to":[40,79,231,238],"assist":[41],"developers":[42,76],"with":[43],"isolated":[44],"tasks,":[45],"recent":[46],"advances":[47],"have":[48,78],"shifted":[49],"toward":[50,61],"multi-agent":[51,129],"systems":[52],"(MAS)":[53],"that":[54,188,225],"orchestrate":[55],"multiple":[56],"LLM-based":[57,128],"agents":[58],"working":[59],"collaboratively":[60],"common":[62],"objectives.":[63],"Despite":[64],"their":[65,196,239],"promising":[66],"potential,":[67],"using":[68,145],"MAS":[69,119,235],"encompasses":[70],"a":[71,103,108,154,218,233],"set":[72,219],"challenges":[74,224],"who":[77],"carefully":[80],"select":[81,232],"right":[83],"technology,":[84],"devise":[85],"proper":[86],"coordination":[87],"rules,":[88],"design":[90],"specific":[91],"roles":[92],"involved":[95],"agents.":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98],"paper,":[99],"means":[101],"mixed-method":[104],"study,":[105],"we":[106,216],"provide":[107,176,217],"comprehensive":[109],"overview":[110],"existing":[113],"tools":[114],"frameworks":[116,130,190],"implementing":[118],"in":[120],"engineering.":[122],"We":[123],"qualitatively":[124],"analyzed":[125],"eight":[126],"representative":[127],"selected":[131],"from":[132],"an":[133],"initial":[134],"pool":[135],"20":[137],"publicly":[138],"available":[139],"frameworks,":[140,158,174],"quantitatively":[142],"evaluated":[143],"them":[144],"engineering":[148],"scenario.":[149],"qualitative":[151],"analysis":[152],"reveals":[153],"trade-off":[155],"between":[156],"low-code":[157],"which":[159,175],"emphasize":[160],"ease":[161],"use":[163],"through":[164],"integrated":[165],"agent":[166],"creation,":[167],"orchestration,":[168],"monitoring":[170],"capabilities,":[171],"high-code":[173],"greater":[177],"flexibility":[178],"extensibility":[180],"advanced":[182],"applications.":[183],"quantitative":[185],"evaluation":[186],"shows":[187],"all":[189],"achieve":[191],"comparable":[192],"recommendation":[193],"effectiveness,":[194],"whereas":[195],"efficiency":[197],"differs":[198],"considerably:":[199],"Semantic":[200],"Kernel":[201],"Chat":[202],"incurs":[203],"highest":[205],"token":[206],"consumption,":[207],"while":[208],"AutoGPT":[209],"exhibits":[210],"longest":[212],"execution":[213],"time.":[214],"Finally,":[215],"lessons":[221],"learned":[222],"can":[226],"help":[227],"researchers":[228],"practitioners":[230],"suitable":[234],"framework":[236],"according":[237],"needs.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2026-08-14T00:00:00"}