{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202356535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","title":"Exploring treatment challenges in Whipple\u2019s disease: two case reports and review of the literature","display_name":"Exploring treatment challenges in Whipple\u2019s disease: two case reports and review of the literature","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202356535","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42594858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87184256","display_name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","issn_l":"1784-3286","issn":["1784-3286","2295-3337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057838897","display_name":"Celine C. Tack","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6698-1518","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6698-1518"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Celine Tack","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology","KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6698-1518","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KU Leuven, Faculty of Medicine","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009434650","display_name":"Jodie Langbeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7819-2129","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7819-2129"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jodie Langbeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7819-2129","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081255342","display_name":"Kristel Goubert","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kristel Goubert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050872886","display_name":"Ann Stuer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ann Stuer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059955593","display_name":"Caroline Verbist","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caroline Verbist","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Rheumatology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Rheumatology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032071116","display_name":"C\u00e9line Melis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-6719","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7488-6719"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C\u00e9line Melis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Pathology"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Pathology","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053029618","display_name":"Dirk Vogelaers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7707-285X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7707-285X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32597200","display_name":"Ghent University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cv9y106","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Vogelaers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases","Ghent University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7707-285X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghent University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32597200"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057838897"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"8"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13834","display_name":"Whipple's Disease and Interleukins","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13834","display_name":"Whipple's Disease and Interleukins","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2734","display_name":"Pathology and Forensic Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13791","display_name":"Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10296","display_name":"Vector-borne infectious diseases","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2405","display_name":"Parasitology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/whipple-disease","display_name":"Whipple's disease","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antimicrobial-therapy","display_name":"antimicrobial therapy","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ceftriaxone","display_name":"ceftriaxone","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","display_name":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/doxycycline","display_name":"doxycycline","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hydroxychloroquine","display_name":"hydroxychloroquine","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-failure","display_name":"treatment failure","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relapse","display_name":"relapse","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunosuppressive-drugs","display_name":"immunosuppressants","score":0.7360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/delayed-diagnosis","display_name":"delayed diagnosis","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/treatment-intolerance","display_name":"treatment intolerance","score":0.492000013589859}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9221000075340271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.39820000529289246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.33000001311302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.31839999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.27489998936653137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.26109999418258667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.25369998812675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.24570000171661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.2345000058412552}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/17843286.2026.2718523","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S87184256","display_name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","issn_l":"1784-3286","issn":["1784-3286","2295-3337"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta Clinica Belgica","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42594858","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42594858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Acta clinica Belgica","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":1.0}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994784402","https://openalex.org/W2023595201","https://openalex.org/W2025715583","https://openalex.org/W2058447874","https://openalex.org/W2066196403","https://openalex.org/W2170897575","https://openalex.org/W2560664815","https://openalex.org/W3137973814","https://openalex.org/W3162881735","https://openalex.org/W4223485753","https://openalex.org/W4280533805","https://openalex.org/W4389830063","https://openalex.org/W4407631646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096910148","https://openalex.org/W2083664053","https://openalex.org/W4407631646","https://openalex.org/W2560664815","https://openalex.org/W1965543890","https://openalex.org/W2170897575","https://openalex.org/W2921467046","https://openalex.org/W2139062969","https://openalex.org/W7170357721","https://openalex.org/W1998777508"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"To":[1],"review":[2,60,84],"the":[3,6,26,35,62,68,78,86,95,101,116,121,148],"literature":[4,63,87],"concerning":[5],"antimicrobial":[7,65],"treatment":[8,37,66,91,175],"of":[9,16,22,28,39,61,70,85,120,130,153,170],"Whipple's":[10,71,141],"disease":[11,72,142],"and":[12,67,100,127,155,160,173,183],"to":[13,134],"highlight":[14],"consequences":[15],"diagnostic":[17],"delay":[18,126],"(including":[19],"inappropriate":[20,128],"use":[21,129],"immunosuppressants).":[23],"This":[24],"in":[25,33,93,163],"context":[27],"two":[29,44,89],"illustrative":[30],"case":[31,80],"reports":[32],"which":[34],"standard":[36,96,122,149],"regimen":[38,99],"intravenous":[40],"(IV)":[41],"ceftriaxone":[42],"for":[43,179],"weeks":[45],"followed":[46],"by":[47],"oral":[48],"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole":[49],"(TMP-SMX)":[50],"was":[51,75],"either":[52],"ineffective":[53],"or":[54,118,145],"poorly":[55],"tolerated.":[56],"METHODS:":[57],"A":[58,83],"narrative":[59],"on":[64,115],"interplay":[69],"with":[73,140],"immunosuppressants":[74,131],"conducted":[76],"alongside":[77],"clinical":[79],"descriptions.":[81],"RESULTS:":[82],"identified":[88],"principal":[90],"strategies":[92],"use:":[94],"IV":[97,123,150],"ceftriaxone/TMP-SMX":[98],"doxycycline/hydroxychloroquine":[102],"oral-only":[103],"combination.":[104],"Debate":[105],"regarding":[106],"optimal":[107],"approach":[108],"is":[109,177],"ongoing,":[110],"however":[111],"several":[112],"studies":[113],"report":[114],"failure":[117],"relapse":[119],"regimen.":[124],"Diagnostic":[125],"can":[132],"lead":[133],"severe":[135],"complications.":[136],"CONCLUSION:":[137],"In":[138],"patients":[139,164],"who":[143],"fail":[144],"cannot":[146],"tolerate":[147],"regimen,":[151],"combination":[152],"doxycycline":[154],"hydroxychloroquine":[156],"represents":[157],"a":[158,180],"viable":[159],"effective":[161],"alternative":[162],"without":[165],"cerebral":[166],"involvement.":[167],"Clinical":[168],"awareness":[169],"this":[171],"condition":[172],"its":[174],"options":[176],"essential":[178],"timely":[181],"diagnosis":[182],"appropriate":[184],"management.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-09-27T08:07:27.782135","created_date":"2026-08-14T00:00:00"}