{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202316376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","title":"Socio-economic, demographic, and environmental characteristics of child drowning on Sandwip Island, Bangladesh","display_name":"Socio-economic, demographic, and environmental characteristics of child drowning on Sandwip Island, Bangladesh","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202316376","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42656303","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/13506379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5120447382","display_name":"Edris Alam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-9625","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7303-9625"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405259498","display_name":"Rabdan Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02ap92826","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I894293524","display_name":"University of Chittagong","ror":"https://ror.org/01173vs27","country_code":"BD","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]}],"countries":["AE","BD"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Edris Alam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong","Disaster and Development Organization (DADO)","Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Chittagong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I894293524"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Disaster and Development Organization (DADO)","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Resilience, Rabdan Academy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5120447382"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405259498","https://openalex.org/I894293524"],"apc_list":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"apc_paid":{"value":3150,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3801},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":null,"first_page":"1844029","last_page":"1844029"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11824","display_name":"Injury Epidemiology and Prevention","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13605","display_name":"Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10209","display_name":"Global Maternal and Child Health","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-drowning","display_name":"child drowning","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-factors","display_name":"risk factors","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adult-supervision","display_name":"adult supervision","score":0.8009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/seasonal-variation","display_name":"seasonal variation","score":0.5730000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ponds","display_name":"ponds","score":0.5950000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-factors","display_name":"socioeconomic factors","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drowning-prevention","display_name":"drowning prevention","score":0.4169999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/child-safety","display_name":"child safety","score":0.45100000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-hazards","display_name":"environmental hazards","score":0.3869999945163727}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3017944768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1450463","display_name":"Poison control","level":2,"score":0.6413000226020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190385971","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373494","display_name":"Injury prevention","level":3,"score":0.6359999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6338000297546387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187155963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629029","display_name":"Occupational safety and health","level":2,"score":0.6044999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526869908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3298118","display_name":"Suicide prevention","level":3,"score":0.5644000172615051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5415999889373779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61511704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671857","display_name":"Incidence (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.48980000615119934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166735990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1750812","display_name":"Human factors and ergonomics","level":3,"score":0.48339998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4596000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46299933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61559","display_name":"Child mortality","level":3,"score":0.4088999927043915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C545542383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2751242","display_name":"Medical emergency","level":1,"score":0.37059998512268066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179755657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58702","display_name":"Mortality rate","level":2,"score":0.3495999872684479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3361999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142052008","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954027","display_name":"Cross-sectional study","level":2,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910478952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q506616","display_name":"Near Drowning","level":4,"score":0.33250001072883606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.30959999561309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29374701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931388","display_name":"Cause of death","level":3,"score":0.28380000591278076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.25450000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.2506999969482422}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001459","descriptor_name":"Bangladesh","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004332","descriptor_name":"Drowning","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004332","descriptor_name":"Drowning","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007223","descriptor_name":"Infant","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015994","descriptor_name":"Incidence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42656303","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42656303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in public health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:13506379","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13506379/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Front Public Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e3a613bc028844bf990baf8b710e1fff","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e3a613bc028844bf990baf8b710e1fff","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health, Vol 14 (2026)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029","pdf_url":"https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2026.1844029/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2595931848","display_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","issn_l":"2296-2565","issn":["2296-2565"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320527","host_organization_name":"Frontiers Media","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320527"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Frontiers Media"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Frontiers in Public Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"},{"score":0.53329998254776,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202316376.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202316376.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1790223578","https://openalex.org/W1793517753","https://openalex.org/W1993362554","https://openalex.org/W1994324487","https://openalex.org/W1996121445","https://openalex.org/W2000618862","https://openalex.org/W2099811597","https://openalex.org/W2101777446","https://openalex.org/W2109685530","https://openalex.org/W2160030549","https://openalex.org/W2161599540","https://openalex.org/W2167415803","https://openalex.org/W2610188256","https://openalex.org/W2906821418","https://openalex.org/W2973581029","https://openalex.org/W3023447043","https://openalex.org/W3026097723","https://openalex.org/W3093241211","https://openalex.org/W3153593572","https://openalex.org/W3173723830","https://openalex.org/W4205308761","https://openalex.org/W4281863697","https://openalex.org/W4382721359","https://openalex.org/W4385792597","https://openalex.org/W4392656706","https://openalex.org/W4405922028","https://openalex.org/W4406418868","https://openalex.org/W4407082912","https://openalex.org/W7122848471"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4407082912","https://openalex.org/W1793517753","https://openalex.org/W2610188256","https://openalex.org/W4382721359","https://openalex.org/W7125423416","https://openalex.org/W2973581029","https://openalex.org/W7214067655","https://openalex.org/W4376587810","https://openalex.org/W2161599540","https://openalex.org/W4281863697"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"This":[1,27],"study":[2,28],"aims":[3],"to":[4,36,92,102,107,209,267,271,276,315,318,329,362,367,399],"identify":[5,37],"the":[6,71,77,110,123,158,173,185,202,232,262,319,344,347,349,357,384],"perceived":[7],"risk":[8,376],"factors":[9,105,377],"associated":[10,378],"with":[11,379],"child":[12,41,154,233,380],"drowning":[13,22,46,75,118,145,155,176,182,195,210,226,234,285,369,381],"deaths":[14,23,227],"on":[15,76,184],"Sandwip":[16,61],"Island\u23af":[17],"a":[18,32,48,81,136],"region":[19],"of":[20,44,50,83,116,125,138,152,175,192,204,214,248,260,309,346,352,359,386,396],"high":[21,350],"over":[24],"generations.":[25],"Methods:":[26],"was":[29,119,178,187,331],"conducted":[30,69],"using":[31],"purposive":[33],"sampling":[34],"survey":[35],"fatal":[38,117,165,181,194,305],"and":[39,58,96,99,149,166,240,255,273,281,295,354,373],"nonfatal":[40],"(1-17":[42],"years":[43,206],"age)":[45],"among":[47,70,402],"total":[49,137],"13,857":[51,134],"households":[52,72,140],"in":[53,60,109,157,189,199,264,289,293,298],"two":[54],"unions,":[55],"namely":[56],"Sarikait":[57],"Maitbanga":[59],"Island,":[62],"Bangladesh":[63],"from":[64],"2018-2023.":[65],"Face-to-face":[66],"interviews":[67],"were":[68,141,164,169,216,238,243,252,278],"who":[73],"experienced":[74],"Island.":[78],"We":[79],"used":[80],"combination":[82],"methods":[84],"for":[85,224],"data":[86],"collection,":[87],"incorporating":[88],"both":[89],"quantitative":[90],"analyses":[91],"assess":[93],"socio-economic,":[94],"demographic,":[95],"environmental":[97],"factors,":[98],"qualitative":[100],"analysis":[101],"investigate":[103],"situational":[104],"related":[106],"drownings":[108,251],"region.":[111],"The":[112,221,245,321,335],"annual":[113],"incidence":[114,401],"rate":[115,183],"estimated":[120],"by":[121],"determining":[122],"number":[124,174],"events":[126],"occurring":[127],"per":[128],"100,000":[129],"persons.":[130],"Results:":[131],"By":[132],"visiting":[133],"households,":[135],"205":[139,153],"identified":[142],"that":[143,338,392],"faced":[144],"incidents":[146,156,177],"between":[147,201],"2018":[148],"2023.":[150,190],"Out":[151,191],"2":[159],"unions":[160],"studied,":[161],"117":[162,193,225,304],"(57.07%)":[163],"88":[167,249],"(42.93%)":[168],"non-fatal.":[170],"In":[171],"2023,":[172],"23.":[179],"Annual":[180],"Island":[186],"20.85/100,000":[188],"deaths,":[196,235,286],"69.2%":[197],"occurred":[198,288,292,297],"children":[200,215,310,326],"ages":[203],"1-4":[205],"old.":[207],"Prior":[208],"incidents,":[211],"approximately":[212,307],"88%":[213],"without":[217],"active":[218,340],"adult":[219,341],"supervision.":[220],"average":[222,322],"age":[223,323,404],"is":[228],"3.2":[229],"years.":[230,333],"Of":[231,284],"62":[236],"(53%)":[237],"male":[239,254],"55":[241],"(47%)":[242],"female.":[244,257],"gender":[246],"proportion":[247],"non-fatal":[250],"60%":[253],"40%":[256],"Regarding":[258],"seasonality":[259],"incidences,":[261],"occurrence":[263],"summer":[265],"(March":[266],"May),":[268],"monsoon":[269],"(June":[270],"October)":[272],"winter":[274],"(November":[275],"February)":[277],"31.69,":[279],"39.04":[280],"29.27%,":[282],"respectively.":[283],"96.58%":[287],"ponds,":[290,353],"2.56%":[291],"ditches":[294],"0.85%":[296],"cow's":[299],"fodder":[300],"bucket.":[301],"From":[302],"these":[303],"drownings,":[306],"98%":[308],"did":[311],"not":[312],"know":[313],"how":[314],"swim":[316,330],"prior":[317],"incident.":[320],"at":[324,343],"which":[325],"first":[327],"learned":[328],"7":[332],"Conclusion:":[334],"findings":[336],"indicate":[337],"inadequate":[339],"supervision":[342],"time":[345],"incident,":[348],"density":[351],"locational":[355],"factors-particularly":[356],"proximity":[358],"household":[360],"compounds":[361],"nearby":[363],"water":[364],"bodies-collectively":[365],"contribute":[366],"elevated":[368],"risk.":[370],"Identifying":[371],"socio-demographic":[372],"reported":[374],"contributing":[375],"can":[382],"inform":[383],"development":[385],"targeted":[387],"prevention":[388],"strategies,":[389],"including":[390],"interventions":[391],"promote":[393],"earlier":[394],"acquisition":[395],"swimming":[397],"skills":[398],"reduce":[400],"younger":[403],"groups.":[405]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-13T13:42:25.865203","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}