{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202297523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","title":"Cyberattack Detection in Smart Urban Networks Using Attention-\u0392ased Bi-Directional Recurrent Neural Networks and the Nature-Inspired Mellivora Heron Optimization","display_name":"Cyberattack Detection in Smart Urban Networks Using Attention-\u0392ased Bi-Directional Recurrent Neural Networks and the Nature-Inspired Mellivora Heron Optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202297523","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.48084/etasr.19259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","pdf_url":"https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/download/19259/6900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737646863","display_name":"Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research","issn_l":"1792-8036","issn":["1792-8036","2241-4487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318068","host_organization_name":"Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering, Technology &amp; Applied Science Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/download/19259/6900","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061325144","display_name":"Bandar M. Alghamdi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-7901","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2506-7901"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185163786","display_name":"King Abdulaziz University","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma4wv74","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Bandar M. Alghamdi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computing and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061325144"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185163786"],"apc_list":{"value":400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":431},"apc_paid":{"value":400,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":431},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"37464","last_page":"37470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12391","display_name":"Artificial Immune Systems Applications","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyberattack-detection","display_name":"cyberattack detection","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-city-networks","display_name":"smart city networks","score":0.9639999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidirectional-gated-recurrent-unit","display_name":"bidirectional gated recurrent unit","score":0.7739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel-attention","display_name":"channel attention","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"feature selection","score":0.7379999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperparameter-optimization","display_name":"hyperparameter optimization","score":0.7350000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iot-security","display_name":"Internet of Things security","score":0.7630000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cicids2017","display_name":"CICIDS2017","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-threat-mitigation","display_name":"real-time threat mitigation","score":0.5180000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nature-inspired-algorithms","display_name":"bio-inspired algorithms","score":0.7289999723434448}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777103469","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1231558","display_name":"Smart city","level":3,"score":0.6919000148773193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.659500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.5895000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5866000056266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.5497000217437744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8642999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4171168","display_name":"Hyperparameter","level":2,"score":0.4819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.44679999351501465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.38679999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.38600000739097595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.38530001044273376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38269999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778241727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18789","display_name":"Heron","level":2,"score":0.3749000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.3725000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70518039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000077","display_name":"Dimensionality reduction","level":2,"score":0.3253999948501587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.323199987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.31470000743865967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2985000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10485038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48996162","display_name":"Hyperparameter optimization","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83931994","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149653","display_name":"Building automation","level":2,"score":0.2840000092983246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.28029999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2782000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.2775999903678894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.2736999988555908},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149810388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5374873","display_name":"Emulation","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.48084/etasr.19259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","pdf_url":"https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/download/19259/6900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737646863","display_name":"Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research","issn_l":"1792-8036","issn":["1792-8036","2241-4487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318068","host_organization_name":"Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering, Technology &amp; Applied Science Research","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.48084/etasr.19259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48084/etasr.19259","pdf_url":"https://etasr.com/index.php/ETASR/article/download/19259/6900","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2737646863","display_name":"Engineering Technology & Applied Science Research","issn_l":"1792-8036","issn":["1792-8036","2241-4487"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jufo-1","poland-20","russia-white-list-3"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310318068","host_organization_name":"Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310318068"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Engineering, Technology &amp; Applied Science Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7250000238418579},{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6773999929428101}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202297523.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W7202297523.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2131774270","https://openalex.org/W2134295053","https://openalex.org/W2902106343","https://openalex.org/W3113471021","https://openalex.org/W4224314705","https://openalex.org/W4366599006","https://openalex.org/W4403724013","https://openalex.org/W4403939167","https://openalex.org/W4406325182","https://openalex.org/W4407212871","https://openalex.org/W4407637214","https://openalex.org/W4407676212","https://openalex.org/W4407787581","https://openalex.org/W4412880217","https://openalex.org/W4414918218","https://openalex.org/W7121277553","https://openalex.org/W7134287490","https://openalex.org/W7150107608","https://openalex.org/W7160830369"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4409916795","https://openalex.org/W4386408772","https://openalex.org/W4412908841","https://openalex.org/W4395469279","https://openalex.org/W4388216885","https://openalex.org/W4399077210","https://openalex.org/W4406087868","https://openalex.org/W7128713163","https://openalex.org/W4405754402","https://openalex.org/W7150107608"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,48,80,122],"smart":[1,69,119],"city":[2,120],"concept":[3],"combines":[4],"Information":[5],"and":[6,10,18,20,58,63,89,98],"Communication":[7],"Technology":[8],"(ICT)":[9],"Internet":[11],"of":[12,51,126,146,164],"Things":[13],"(IoT)":[14],"from":[15],"physical":[16],"(actuators":[17],"sensors)":[19],"non-physical":[21],"(e.g.,":[22],"exterior":[23],"databases)":[24],"data":[25,73],"sources":[26],"to":[27,54,87,95,115],"establish":[28],"services.":[29],"This":[30],"paper":[31],"presents":[32],"an":[33],"Intelligent":[34],"Cybersecurity":[35],"Framework":[36],"for":[37,61],"Smart":[38],"City":[39],"Networks":[40],"Using":[41],"the":[42,91,127,134,142,154,158],"Mellivora":[43,135],"Heron":[44,136],"Optimization":[45,137],"Algorithm":[46,83,138],"(ICFSCN-MHOA).":[47],"primary":[49],"focus":[50],"ICFSCN-MHOA":[52],"is":[53,75,85,113,131],"provide":[55],"a":[56,108,148,161],"scalable":[57],"effective":[59],"solution":[60],"detecting":[62],"mitigating":[64],"cyber":[65],"threats":[66],"in":[67,118],"real-time":[68],"urban":[70],"environments.":[71],"Initially,":[72],"normalization":[74],"performed":[76,132],"using":[77,133,153],"z-score":[78],"normalization.":[79],"Fox":[81],"Optimizer":[82],"(FOA)":[84],"used":[86],"detect":[88],"select":[90],"most":[92],"significant":[93],"features":[94],"reduce":[96],"dimensionality":[97],"eliminate":[99],"redundancy.":[100],"A":[101],"hybrid":[102,128],"Bidirectional":[103],"Gated":[104],"Recurrent":[105],"Unit":[106],"with":[107],"Channel":[109],"Attention":[110],"Mechanism":[111],"(BiGRU-CAM)":[112],"utilized":[114],"classify":[116],"cyberattacks":[117],"networks.":[121],"hyperparameter":[123],"fine-tuning":[124],"process":[125],"BiGRU-CAM":[129],"model":[130,159],"(MHOA).":[139],"To":[140],"validate":[141],"improved":[143],"predictive":[144],"results":[145],"ICFSCN-MHOA,":[147],"thorough":[149],"study":[150],"was":[151],"conducted":[152],"CIC-IDS2017":[155],"dataset,":[156],"where":[157],"achieved":[160],"superior":[162],"accuracy":[163],"99.19%":[165],"over":[166],"recent":[167],"approaches.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}
