{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202292409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","title":"Rainfall Trend and Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Analysis for Mal\u00e9, Maldives (1993-2024)","display_name":"Rainfall Trend and Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) Analysis for Mal\u00e9, Maldives (1993-2024)","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202292409","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033835169","display_name":"Shuaib Rasheed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3411-2073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3411-2073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091240","display_name":"Maldives National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbrh564","country_code":"MV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}],"countries":["MV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuaib Rasheed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maldives National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maldives National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146955947","display_name":"Mohamed Vishaah Shamin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091240","display_name":"Maldives National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbrh564","country_code":"MV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}],"countries":["MV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed Vishaah Shamin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maldives National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maldives National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004243474","display_name":"Hassan Shiraz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091240","display_name":"Maldives National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbrh564","country_code":"MV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}],"countries":["MV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hassan Shiraz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maldives National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maldives National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086032740","display_name":"Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4107-4829","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4107-4829"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kumaraswamy Ponnambalam","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044842167","display_name":"Shazla Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0402-5155","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0402-5155"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091240","display_name":"Maldives National University","ror":"https://ror.org/00dbrh564","country_code":"MV","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}],"countries":["MV"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shazla Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maldives National University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maldives National University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091240"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133678444","display_name":"Simron J. Singh","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simron J. Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Waterloo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Waterloo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10029","display_name":"Climate variability and models","score":0.5170999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11234","display_name":"Precipitation Measurement and Analysis","score":0.3882000148296356,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10330","display_name":"Hydrology and Watershed Management Studies","score":0.034299999475479126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2312","display_name":"Water Science and Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rainfall-trends","display_name":"rainfall trends","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensity-duration-frequency-curves","display_name":"intensity-duration-frequency curves","score":0.968999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extreme-rainfall","display_name":"extreme rainfall","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flood-risk","display_name":"flood risk","score":0.7260000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stormwater-design","display_name":"stormwater design","score":0.828000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/small-island-developing-states","display_name":"small island developing states","score":0.7459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/males","display_name":"males","score":0.5989999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maldives","display_name":"Maldives","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gumbel-extreme-value-distribution","display_name":"Gumbel extreme value distribution","score":0.7720000147819519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-law-fit","display_name":"power-law fit","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-resilience","display_name":"climate resilience","score":0.40400001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-drainage","display_name":"urban drainage","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74256435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134052","display_name":"Flood myth","level":2,"score":0.6399000287055969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137610916","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096862","display_name":"Gumbel distribution","level":3,"score":0.6197999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147581598","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729429","display_name":"Extreme value theory","level":2,"score":0.5267999768257141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169707849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1617240","display_name":"Generalized extreme value distribution","level":3,"score":0.5216000080108643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.48840001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75007070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2627230","display_name":"Return period","level":3,"score":0.4878999888896942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132651083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942","display_name":"Climate change","level":2,"score":0.3959999978542328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186594467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1429176","display_name":"Flooding (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3862000107765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127142870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7838279","display_name":"Trend analysis","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205537798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1277161","display_name":"Extreme weather","level":3,"score":0.34389999508857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76886044","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2883300","display_name":"Hydrology (agriculture)","level":2,"score":0.33489999175071716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93038891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061524","display_name":"Intensity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126691448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2028919","display_name":"Magnitude (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171878848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336797","display_name":"100-year flood","level":3,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29141058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8092","display_name":"Tropical cyclone","level":2,"score":0.26510000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.2648000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105306849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81054","display_name":"Storm","level":2,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-10674253/v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525896","display_name":"Research Square","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Research Square","raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.7250000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"display_name":"Climate action","score":0.685699999332428,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"},{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.6618000268936157,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5489527593","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"110158-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319949","funder_display_name":"International Development Research Centre"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319949","display_name":"International Development Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/0445x0472"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391516163","https://openalex.org/W202215946","https://openalex.org/W3090605458","https://openalex.org/W2606500383","https://openalex.org/W2902731828","https://openalex.org/W2182550070","https://openalex.org/W1963722271","https://openalex.org/W4395465279","https://openalex.org/W2474014079","https://openalex.org/W7138925528"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Small":[1],"Island":[2],"Developing":[3],"States":[4],"(SIDS)":[5],"face":[6],"growing":[7],"flood":[8,207,241],"risks":[9],"from":[10,103],"short\u2011duration,":[11],"high\u2011intensity":[12],"rainfall,":[13],"yet":[14],"many":[15],"lack":[16],"the":[17,29,59,73,138,152,203,259],"detailed":[18],"rainfall":[19,34,37,51,68,100,118,129,135,172,215,226],"analyses":[20,254],"needed":[21],"for":[22,43,190,238,251],"resilient":[23],"stormwater":[24,239],"planning.":[25],"This":[26,148],"study":[27],"provides":[28],"first":[30],"integrated":[31],"assessment":[32],"of":[33,49,154,174],"trends,":[35],"extreme":[36,67],"behaviour,":[38],"and":[39,62,90,217,232,243,255],"Intensity\u2013Duration\u2013Frequency":[40],"(IDF)":[41],"relationships":[42],"Mal\u00e9,":[44],"Maldives,":[45],"using":[46,58,72],"31":[47],"years":[48],"hourly":[50],"data":[52],"(1993\u20132024).":[53],"Trend":[54],"detection":[55],"was":[56],"conducted":[57],"Mann\u2013Kendall":[60],"test":[61],"Theil\u2013Sen":[63],"slope":[64],"estimator,":[65],"while":[66,182],"characteristics":[69],"were":[70,82],"analysed":[71],"Gumbel":[74],"Extreme":[75,164],"Value":[76],"Type":[77],"I":[78],"distribution.":[79],"IDF":[80,183,230],"curves":[81,184,231],"developed":[83],"through":[84],"power\u2011law":[85],"fitting":[86],"across":[87],"multiple":[88],"durations":[89],"return":[91],"periods.":[92],"Results":[93],"show":[94,185],"strong":[95],"interannual":[96],"variability":[97],"in":[98,116,134,145,158,188,209,224,258],"annual":[99,117,121,225],"totals,":[101],"ranging":[102],"about":[104],"1300":[105],"mm":[106],"to":[107,199],"2700":[108],"mm,":[109,176],"but":[110],"no":[111],"statistically":[112],"significant":[113],"long\u2011term":[114,222],"trend":[115,233],"or":[119],"24\u2011hour":[120,170],"maxima.":[122],"However,":[123],"several":[124],"wet\u2011season":[125],"months":[126],"display":[127],"increasing":[128],"tendencies,":[130],"suggesting":[131],"a":[132,168,248],"shift":[133],"distribution":[136],"within":[137],"year":[139],"rather":[140],"than":[141,220],"an":[142],"overall":[143],"increase":[144],"total":[146],"rainfall.":[147],"intra\u2011annual":[149],"concentration":[150],"elevates":[151],"likelihood":[153],"short\u2011duration":[155],"drainage":[156],"exceedance":[157],"Mal\u00e9\u2019s":[159],"densely":[160],"built,":[161],"low\u2011lying":[162],"environment.":[163],"value":[165],"analysis":[166],"produced":[167],"100\u2011year,":[169],"design":[171],"depth":[173],"216.9":[175],"consistent":[177],"with":[178,193],"tropical":[179],"coastal":[180],"climates,":[181],"steep":[186],"increases":[187],"intensity":[189,216],"short":[191],"durations,":[192],"rare,":[194],"high\u2011return\u2011period":[195],"events":[196],"reaching":[197],"up":[198],"3.94":[200],"mm/min.":[201],"Overall,":[202],"findings":[204],"indicate":[205],"that":[206],"risk":[208],"Mal\u00e9":[210],"is":[211],"driven":[212],"more":[213],"by":[214,221],"temporal":[218],"clustering":[219],"changes":[223],"volume.":[227],"The":[228],"updated":[229],"insights":[234],"provide":[235],"essential":[236],"inputs":[237],"design,":[240],"mitigation,":[242],"climate\u2011resilient":[244],"urban":[245],"planning,":[246],"forming":[247],"robust":[249],"baseline":[250],"future":[252],"non\u2011stationary":[253],"hydrodynamic":[256],"modelling":[257],"Maldives.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-09T13:22:03.289127","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}