{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202290740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","title":"Microplastic Pollution in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Health Impacts and Remediation Strategies: A Systematic Review","display_name":"Microplastic Pollution in Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems: Health Impacts and Remediation Strategies: A Systematic Review","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202290740","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058730229","display_name":"Diana Aline Gomes","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diana Aline Gomes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054488461","display_name":"Lu\u00eds Fernando Cusioli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-2984","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9579-2984"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lu\u00eds Fernando Cusioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084442992","display_name":"Let\u00edcia Nishi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5769","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5769"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leticia Nishi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8796-5769","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015654458","display_name":"Daniel Mantovani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-9655","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-9655"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Mantovani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8310-9655","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061700028","display_name":"Carolina Moser Para\u00edso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-2557","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3309-2557"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolina Moser Para\u00edso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020867477","display_name":"Cristina E. Almeida\u2010Naranjo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-6661","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-6661"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210102282","display_name":"Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas","ror":"https://ror.org/0198j4566","country_code":"EC","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}],"countries":["EC"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina E. Almeida-Naranjo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Redondel del Ciclista Antigua V\u00eda a Nay\u00f3n, Quito 170124, Ecuador"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1066-6661","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Biodiversidad Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de Las Am\u00e9ricas, Redondel del Ciclista Antigua V\u00eda a Nay\u00f3n, Quito 170124, Ecuador","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210102282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055752876","display_name":"Cristina Alejandra Villamar-Ayala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4654-0670","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4654-0670"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I10457146","display_name":"Universidad de Santiago de Chile","ror":"https://ror.org/02ma57s91","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I10457146"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cristina Villamar-Ayala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estaci\u00f3n Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile","Programa Para el Desarrollo de Sistemas Productivos Sostenibles, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3769, Estaci\u00f3n Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4654-0670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Obras Civiles, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3659, Estaci\u00f3n Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10457146"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Programa Para el Desarrollo de Sistemas Productivos Sostenibles, Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Av. Victor Jara 3769, Estaci\u00f3n Central, Santiago 9170022, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I10457146"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024299125","display_name":"Ros\u00e2ngela Bergamasco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-6641","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2934-6641"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I123443094","display_name":"Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1","ror":"https://ror.org/04bqqa360","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ros\u00e2ngela Bergamasco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1, Maringa 87020-900, Parana, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054488461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I123443094"],"apc_list":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"apc_paid":{"value":2400,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2896},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"16","first_page":"8251","last_page":"8251"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10753","display_name":"Microplastics and Plastic Pollution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10419","display_name":"Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microplastics","display_name":"microplastics","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-ecosystems","display_name":"aquatic ecosystems","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/terrestrial-ecosystems","display_name":"terrestrial ecosystems","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-health-effects","display_name":"human health effects","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microplastic-degradation","display_name":"microplastic degradation","score":0.8029999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/food-chain-contamination","display_name":"food chain contamination","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soil-and-water-contamination","display_name":"soil and water contamination","score":0.6650000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remediation-strategies","display_name":"remediation strategies","score":0.8339999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-policy","display_name":"environmental policy","score":0.6539999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780401329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6839919","display_name":"Microplastics","level":2,"score":0.9787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.7524999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779892437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202090","display_name":"Plastic pollution","level":3,"score":0.623199999332428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987857752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12147","display_name":"Human health","level":2,"score":0.5965999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522964758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2019586","display_name":"Environmental remediation","level":3,"score":0.5016000270843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91375879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274","display_name":"Environmental planning","level":1,"score":0.48739999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521259446","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Pollution","level":2,"score":0.484499990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778585658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852100","display_name":"Laundry","level":2,"score":0.41449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526734887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q832237","display_name":"Environmental protection","level":1,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175327387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3289906","display_name":"Aquatic ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.38109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110872660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37813","display_name":"Ecosystem","level":2,"score":0.37389999628067017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109931610","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1775153","display_name":"Food web","level":3,"score":0.35690000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112570922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q60528603","display_name":"Contamination","level":2,"score":0.3546999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155373166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159462","display_name":"Food chain","level":2,"score":0.3352999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.3278999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3255999982357025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198428699","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334780","display_name":"Environmental degradation","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.32260000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.32170000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82685317","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19829510","display_name":"Pollutant","level":2,"score":0.31310001015663147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909468537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58734","display_name":"Environmental pollution","level":2,"score":0.31209999322891235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70798638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4575211","display_name":"Environmental quality","level":2,"score":0.30090001225471497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.29589998722076416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164749845","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320389","display_name":"Environmental impact assessment","level":2,"score":0.2890999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987742019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11391","display_name":"Ultraviolet radiation","level":2,"score":0.2809000015258789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12174686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438","display_name":"Risk assessment","level":2,"score":0.2799000144004822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539469273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1749732","display_name":"Environmental monitoring","level":2,"score":0.25679999589920044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141818822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17011699","display_name":"Ecosystem health","level":4,"score":0.25600001215934753}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/su18168251","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/su18168251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10134376","display_name":"Sustainability","issn_l":"2071-1050","issn":["2071-1050"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sustainability","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.6618000268936157},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.6240000128746033}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Systematic Review","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/systematic-review"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2550982111","https://openalex.org/W2553419241","https://openalex.org/W2607624480","https://openalex.org/W2748498801","https://openalex.org/W2769705520","https://openalex.org/W2885268267","https://openalex.org/W2895849552","https://openalex.org/W2899465999","https://openalex.org/W2944687224","https://openalex.org/W2966524132","https://openalex.org/W2968396522","https://openalex.org/W2998283417","https://openalex.org/W3013332392","https://openalex.org/W3021005709","https://openalex.org/W3022617804","https://openalex.org/W3028400419","https://openalex.org/W3036225584","https://openalex.org/W3081897880","https://openalex.org/W3082672524","https://openalex.org/W3112182492","https://openalex.org/W3118615836","https://openalex.org/W3119763178","https://openalex.org/W3128091013","https://openalex.org/W3132776282","https://openalex.org/W3136286353","https://openalex.org/W3137631886","https://openalex.org/W3139445191","https://openalex.org/W3163485121","https://openalex.org/W3167194407","https://openalex.org/W3170477703","https://openalex.org/W3185500656","https://openalex.org/W3199438103","https://openalex.org/W3207807789","https://openalex.org/W3216902768","https://openalex.org/W4200110305","https://openalex.org/W4205750562","https://openalex.org/W4206340584","https://openalex.org/W4206618448","https://openalex.org/W4210518969","https://openalex.org/W4212782849","https://openalex.org/W4221092993","https://openalex.org/W4282035649","https://openalex.org/W4283770067","https://openalex.org/W4306386037","https://openalex.org/W4306790798","https://openalex.org/W4306804949","https://openalex.org/W4308036451","https://openalex.org/W4308736878","https://openalex.org/W4309476099","https://openalex.org/W4392349659"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7223184325","https://openalex.org/W4407227588","https://openalex.org/W7216692051","https://openalex.org/W6911925681","https://openalex.org/W4405945133","https://openalex.org/W7154482122","https://openalex.org/W7220540002","https://openalex.org/W4403581845","https://openalex.org/W7215092635","https://openalex.org/W7083823038"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Microplastics":[0],"are":[1],"plastic":[2],"particles":[3],"smaller":[4],"than":[5],"5":[6],"mm":[7],"that":[8,114],"have":[9],"become":[10],"a":[11],"growing":[12],"environmental":[13,61,202],"concern":[14],"due":[15],"to":[16,55,122,132,141,182,185,194,200],"their":[17,187,196],"persistence":[18],"and":[19,34,43,62,80,92,102,118,127,129,144,158,176,189,199],"widespread":[20],"distribution.":[21],"They":[22],"originate":[23],"from":[24],"diverse":[25],"sources,":[26,174],"including":[27],"laundry":[28],"detergents,":[29],"vehicle":[30],"tires,":[31],"cosmetic":[32],"microbeads,":[33],"the":[35,52,60,109,123,134,153,156,164,173],"degradation":[36],"of":[37,66,78,125,160,178],"larger":[38],"plastics":[39],"through":[40],"ultraviolet":[41],"radiation":[42],"saline":[44],"exposure.":[45],"This":[46],"systematic":[47],"review":[48],"was":[49,72],"conducted":[50],"following":[51],"PRISMA":[53],"guidelines":[54],"summarize":[56],"current":[57],"knowledge":[58],"on":[59],"human":[63,145],"health":[64],"effects":[65,198],"microplastics.":[67],"A":[68],"comprehensive":[69],"literature":[70],"search":[71],"performed":[73],"in":[74,108],"ScienceDirect,":[75],"PubMed,":[76],"Web":[77],"Science,":[79],"Google":[81],"Scholar":[82],"databases,":[83],"yielding":[84],"2694":[85],"initial":[86],"records.":[87],"After":[88],"applying":[89],"exclusion":[90],"criteria":[91],"removing":[93],"duplicates,":[94],"111":[95],"studies":[96],"were":[97,105,150],"selected":[98],"for":[99,166],"full":[100],"reading,":[101],"54":[103],"articles":[104],"ultimately":[106],"included":[107],"analysis.":[110],"The":[111],"results":[112],"reveal":[113],"microplastics":[115,179],"can":[116],"absorb":[117],"release":[119],"pollutants,":[120],"leading":[121],"contamination":[124],"water":[126],"soil":[128],"enabling":[130],"them":[131],"enter":[133],"food":[135],"chain,":[136],"thereby":[137],"posing":[138],"potential":[139],"risks":[140],"both":[142],"ecosystems":[143],"health.":[146],"However,":[147],"significant":[148],"discrepancies":[149],"found":[151],"among":[152],"databases":[154],"regarding":[155],"amount":[157],"quality":[159],"available":[161],"data,":[162],"highlighting":[163],"need":[165],"standardized":[167],"research":[168,191],"approaches.":[169],"In":[170],"conclusion,":[171],"understanding":[172],"distribution,":[175],"impacts":[177],"is":[180,192],"crucial":[181],"developing":[183],"strategies":[184],"mitigate":[186],"release,":[188],"further":[190],"essential":[193],"assess":[195],"long-term":[197],"guide":[201],"policy.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-11-06T12:05:46.655746","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}