{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7202288150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","title":"Surface-structured filler-free PVC gel sensors with enhanced self-generated mechanoelectrical response","display_name":"Surface-structured filler-free PVC gel sensors with enhanced self-generated mechanoelectrical response","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7202288150","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11146949","display_name":"Smart Materials and Structures","issn_l":"0964-1726","issn":["0964-1726","1361-665X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Materials and Structures","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101482430","display_name":"Chengbo Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3631-5295","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3631-5295"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN","SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengbo Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","National University of Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3631-5295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National University of Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101932904","display_name":"Min Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3273","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3273"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Min Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3299-3273","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020870354","display_name":"Guoxiao Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-6410","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-6410"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136682","display_name":"Heze University","ror":"https://ror.org/041zje040","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136682"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoxiao Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heze University","Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5251-6410","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heze University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136682"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146995653","display_name":"Yingying Li","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingying Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5159614191","display_name":"Yinglin Lin","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yinglin Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5147022585","display_name":"Xinglong Pan","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglong Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5146980154","display_name":"Guohao Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2424-8741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2424-8741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohao Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-2424-8741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101932904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"35","issue":"8","first_page":"085040","last_page":"085040"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11608","display_name":"Dielectric materials and actuators","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11737","display_name":"Advanced Materials and Mechanics","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-structure","display_name":"surface structure","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pressure-sensitivity","display_name":"pressure sensitivity","score":0.6140000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-double-layer","display_name":"electric double layer","score":0.8579999804496765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interfacial-charge-redistribution","display_name":"interfacial charge redistribution","score":0.9800000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-pressure-sensing","display_name":"low-pressure sensing","score":0.5759999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-reconstruction","display_name":"signal reconstruction","score":0.5230000019073486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.8072999715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777869211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1147647","display_name":"Cyclic voltammetry","level":4,"score":0.8062999844551086},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7040849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899580","display_name":"Dielectric spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.6640999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160892712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901559","display_name":"Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.5127000212669373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7055690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900639","display_name":"Dynamic mechanical analysis","level":3,"score":0.4772999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26771246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321095","display_name":"Scanning electron microscope","level":2,"score":0.4221999943256378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776866176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146368","display_name":"Polyvinyl chloride","level":2,"score":0.40849998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.3984000086784363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113196181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485223","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry (journal)","level":2,"score":0.382099986076355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16635281","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q496098","display_name":"Casting","level":2,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.3508000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124961601","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518149","display_name":"Conical surface","level":2,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.3248000144958496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32891209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483666","display_name":"Spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.3100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52859227","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7877","display_name":"Electrochemistry","level":3,"score":0.2957000136375427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153642686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q70906","display_name":"Infrared spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.29280000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2815000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779603750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904093","display_name":"Voltammetry","level":4,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6556556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899239","display_name":"Contact angle","level":2,"score":0.2572999894618988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.25589999556541443}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665x/ae98c9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S11146949","display_name":"Smart Materials and Structures","issn_l":"0964-1726","issn":["0964-1726","1361-665X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Smart Materials and Structures","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4929514136","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52575123","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1961837825","https://openalex.org/W2323763853","https://openalex.org/W2646285395","https://openalex.org/W2969426664","https://openalex.org/W2999408882","https://openalex.org/W3005055029","https://openalex.org/W3048361735","https://openalex.org/W3097531163","https://openalex.org/W4200079427","https://openalex.org/W4210677135","https://openalex.org/W4224924092","https://openalex.org/W4288426911","https://openalex.org/W4319968923","https://openalex.org/W4327811775","https://openalex.org/W4376879209","https://openalex.org/W4378450239","https://openalex.org/W4379052947","https://openalex.org/W4381480568","https://openalex.org/W4381615092","https://openalex.org/W4383067765","https://openalex.org/W4388488124","https://openalex.org/W4392114361","https://openalex.org/W4394684333","https://openalex.org/W4398199071","https://openalex.org/W4400296069","https://openalex.org/W4400538571","https://openalex.org/W4404678455","https://openalex.org/W4407272422","https://openalex.org/W4407694120","https://openalex.org/W4408561810","https://openalex.org/W4409167924","https://openalex.org/W4409834174","https://openalex.org/W4410192154","https://openalex.org/W4410821630","https://openalex.org/W4410988241","https://openalex.org/W7126209672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3208163480","https://openalex.org/W4319968923","https://openalex.org/W4315842776","https://openalex.org/W4407272422","https://openalex.org/W4306248874","https://openalex.org/W4223566980","https://openalex.org/W4401802352","https://openalex.org/W6928036618","https://openalex.org/W4398199071","https://openalex.org/W4288426911"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Plasticized":[1],"polyvinyl":[2],"chloride":[3],"(PVC)":[4],"gel":[5,59,72],"is":[6,165],"a":[7,55,121,172,188,246,266],"mechanically":[8],"compliant":[9],"soft":[10],"material":[11,35],"with":[12,120,232],"potential":[13],"for":[14,271],"flexible":[15],"mechanoelectrical":[16,65,276],"sensing.":[17],"However,":[18],"many":[19],"PVC-gel-based":[20],"sensors":[21],"rely":[22],"on":[23],"conductive":[24,31],"fillers,":[25],"ionic":[26],"additives,":[27],"or":[28],"specially":[29],"designed":[30],"pathways,":[32],"which":[33],"increase":[34],"complexity":[36],"and":[37,48,78,103,149,152,158,183,219,226,229],"may":[38],"introduce":[39],"concerns":[40],"related":[41],"to":[42],"filler":[43],"dispersion,":[44],"leakage,":[45],"interfacial":[46,184,192],"instability,":[47],"long-term":[49],"signal":[50,242,256],"drift.":[51],"Here,":[52],"we":[53],"report":[54],"surface-structured,":[56],"filler-free":[57,269],"PVC":[58,71,279],"sensor":[60,142],"capable":[61],"of":[62,124,137,155,171,278],"producing":[63],"self-generated":[64,275],"signals":[66],"under":[67,209,258],"mechanical":[68,93,96,225],"compression.":[69,211],"The":[70,141,162,212,236],"was":[73,143],"prepared":[74],"by":[75,80],"solution":[76],"casting":[77],"characterized":[79],"scanning":[81,91],"electron":[82],"microscopy,":[83],"Fourier":[84],"transform":[85],"infrared":[86],"spectroscopy,":[87],"x-ray":[88],"diffraction,":[89],"thermogravimetric\u2013differential":[90],"calorimetry,":[92],"testing,":[94],"dynamic":[95],"analysis":[97,197],"(DMA),":[98],"electrochemical":[99],"impedance":[100],"spectroscopy":[101],"(EIS),":[102],"cyclic":[104,238],"voltammetry":[105],"(CV).":[106],"Among":[107],"the":[108,112,116,138,168,200,204,222,273],"investigated":[109],"surface":[110],"architectures,":[111],"conical":[113,201],"array":[114],"delivered":[115],"strongest":[117],"low-pressure":[118,274],"response,":[119,214],"nominal-pressure":[122],"sensitivity":[123],"110.59":[125],"Mv":[126],"kPa":[127,148],"\u22121":[128],"over":[129,146],"0.0356\u20130.1422":[130],"kPa,":[131],"approximately":[132,156],"23.5-fold":[133],"higher":[134],"than":[135],"that":[136,199],"structureless":[139],"control.":[140],"experimentally":[144],"evaluated":[145],"0.0356\u20130.7111":[147],"exhibited":[150],"response":[151,164,277],"recovery":[153,243],"times":[154],"500":[157],"300":[159],"ms,":[160],"respectively.":[161],"enhanced":[163],"interpreted":[166],"through":[167],"combined":[169],"effects":[170],"low":[173],"apparent":[174],"secant":[175],"modulus,":[176],"amplified":[177],"deformation,":[178],"pressure-dependent":[179],"real":[180],"contact-area":[181,207],"modulation,":[182],"charge":[185],"redistribution":[186],"within":[187],"proposed":[189],"phenomenological":[190],"electric-double-layer-like":[191],"framework.":[193],"A":[194,249],"simplified":[195],"geometric":[196],"suggests":[198],"structure":[202],"provides":[203,265],"largest":[205],"normalized":[206],"modulation":[208],"weak":[210],"rate-dependent":[213],"DMA,":[215],"electric-modulus":[216],"analysis,":[217],"EIS,":[218],"CV":[220],"characterize":[221],"coupled":[223],"time-dependent":[224],"electrical":[227],"behavior":[228],"are":[230],"consistent":[231],"this":[233],"mechano-interfacial":[234],"interpretation.":[235],"intermittent":[237],"test":[239],"indicates":[240],"partial":[241],"while":[244],"maintaining":[245],"stable":[247],"waveform.":[248],"qualitative":[250],"Morse-code":[251],"demonstration":[252],"produced":[253],"distinguishable":[254],"temporal":[255],"patterns":[257],"manually":[259],"applied":[260],"dot\u2013dash":[261],"inputs.":[262],"This":[263],"work":[264],"compositionally":[267],"simple,":[268],"strategy":[270],"enhancing":[272],"gels.":[280]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-10-28T10:33:24.094632","created_date":"2026-08-13T00:00:00"}